Question

In: Biology

(a)Identify three PAMPs that are recognized by PRRs. Which cells express PRRs? How do PRRs associate...

(a)Identify three PAMPs that are recognized by PRRs. Which cells express PRRs? How do PRRs associate with PAMPs to promote innate immunity?

(b) describe the potential problems that would arise if a person had an acquired inability to phagocytose pathogens. Could the person survive in a normal environment such as a college campus? What defects in the phagocyte might cause lack of phagocytosis? Explain.

(c). Beginning with entry of a pathogen into the body describe how a neutrophil is recruited to the site of an infection, how it removes the pathogen, and how this lead to inflammation.

(d) describe antigen presentation. Your answer should include cells that are APCs and why antigen presentation is important to both innate and adaptive immunity.

(e) how do NK cells tell the difference between a healthy cell and an infected cell? How does it kill the infected cell?

Solutions

Expert Solution

A) PAMP - Pathogen- Associated Molecular Patterns are microbe-specific molecules that are identified by the PPR.These include-

  • Bacterial carbohydrates(mannose, LPS)
  • Nucleic acid(viral DNA and RNA)
  • Peptidoglycans

PPR detects PAMPs or DAMPs directly or indirectly,and gets activated . PPR then oligomerizes and assemble complexes which initiates signalling cascades, which results in the release of factors that promote leukocytes in the area.

b)If The person had an acquired inability to phagocytose pathogens, The person will be more vulnerable for infections. These infections include bacterial or viral infections.

Defects in phagocutes-

  • Chronic granulomatous disease
  • Neutropenias
  • Leukocyte adhesion disease(LAD)

c)Steps of pathogen emoval-

  • microorganism crosses an epithelial barrier and begins to replicate in the tissues
  • They arerecognized by the mononuclear phagocytes, or macrophages
  • Macrophages and neutrophils recognize pathogens by means of cell-surface receptors
  • Ligation of the cell-surface receptors that recognize pathogens leads to phagocytosis of the pathogen,

d)Antigen Presentation id the process of presenting the protein antigen to the lymphocytes.

  • Proffesional APCs - Dendritic cells, macrophages,B cells.
  • Non-proffesional APCs- Nucleated cell types.

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