Question

5) What does it mean that the genetic code is non-overlapping?

6) If you change the amino acids in a protein, does that change how it folds?

7) If you change the structure of a protein, what happens to its function?

8) Describe the differences between the 4 types of mutations? Which one is a bigger problem? Where does a mutation need to happen in order to change the protein?

Answer 1

5) Genetic codons do not overlap means adjacent codons do not overlap.

E.G : CAUCUG

CAU is first codon and CUG is second not AUC.

6) Change in amino acid sequence leads to alterations in proteins if it is replaced with similar properties then the effect will cancel each other means if we replace a hydrophobic amino acid with another hydrophobic amino acid then the effect is very less. the secondary and tertiary structure of protein determined by the primary structure itself. An example for this scenario is Sickle cell anemia, here glutamine I replaced with valine in the 6th position of RBC, so give a sickle like shape so clotting will be affected means they cant entangled together during floating.

7) If we change the structure of a protein the function will be altered. Specific structures are important for the specific functions of the protein for example in the case of enzymes, each and every enzyme are specific for their substrate. The side chain of amino acid residues is the reason for the reaction occur in the enzyme substrate reaction. So if we changed the structure of an amino acid in a protein it will definitely affect the function of amino acids.

8) Involve point mutations or gene mutations, Frameshift mutations, Misesnse, nonsense, and neutral mutations.

In gene mutation, one single pair is mutated so the final effect is less or it depends o the gene which mutates whatever the mutation occurs to that particular gene only.

Most important and mostly adverse effect causing mutation is by Frame shift mutation as a result entire reading frame is altred due to addictions deletions etc. So the entire frame alters and effect very dangerous.

nonsense means coding strand is mutated to stop codons, missense means codon changed to same kind of aminacid, neutral means no effect due to s name amino acids.