Question

Macroeconomics

Assignment 2-Case Study-Chapters: 7, 8, 9 & 12 : - [5 Marks]

*******important*******

• Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or other resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions.

Case Study

When taxes induce people to change their behavior—such as inducing Jane to buy less pizza—the taxes cause deadweight losses and make the allocation of resources less efficient. As we have already seen, much government revenue comes from the individual income tax in many countries. In a case study in Chapter 8, we discussed how this tax discourages people from working as hard as they otherwise might. Another inefficiency caused by this tax is that it discourages people from saving.

Consider a person 25 years’ old who is considering saving $1,000. If he puts this money in a savings account that earns 8 percent and leaves it there, he would have $21,720 when he retires at age 65. Yet if the government taxes one-fourth of his interest income each year, the effective interest rate is only 6 percent. After 40 years of earning 6 percent, the $1,000 grows to only $10,290, less than half of what it would have been without taxation. Thus, because interest income is taxed, saving is much less attractive.

Some economists advocate eliminating the current tax system’s disincentive toward saving by changing the basis of taxation. Rather than taxing the amount of income that people earn, the government could tax the amount that people spend.

Under this proposal, all income that is saved would not be taxed until the saving is later spent. This alternative system, called a consumption tax, would not distort people’s saving decisions.

Various provisions of the current tax code already make the tax system a bit like a consumption tax. Taxpayers can put a limited amount of their saving into special accounts—such as Individual Retirement Accounts and 401(k) plans—that escape taxation until the money is withdrawn at retirement. For people who do most of their saving through these retirement accounts, their tax bill is, in effect, based on their consumption rather than their income.

European countries tend to rely more on consumption taxes than does the United States. Most of them raise a significant amount of government revenue through a value-added tax, or a VAT. A VAT is like the retail sales tax that many U.S. states use, but rather than collecting all of the tax at the retail level when the consumer buys the final good, the government collects the tax in stages as the good is being produced (that is, as value is added by firms along the chain of production). Various U.S. policymakers have proposed that the tax code move further in direction of taxing consumption rather than income. In 2005, economist Alan Greenspan, then Chairman of the Federal Reserve, offered this advice to a presidential commission on tax reform: “As you know, many economists believe that a consumption tax would be best from the perspective of promoting economic growth—particularly if one were designing a tax system from scratch—because a consumption tax is likely to encourage saving and capital formation. However, getting from the current tax system to a consumption tax raises a challenging set of transition issues.”

Q1: What should be taxed - Personal Income or Personal Consumption and why? Provide your opinion based on the case given below. (200 words) [2.5 Marks]

Q2: How may it affect Saudi Economy if an income tax is imposed in KSA? (200 words) [2.5 Marks]

Answer 1

Ans 1) income tax- An income tax is levied on people when they earn money or when they receive interest , dividend from their investments.

Consumption tax- consumption tax is charged to people when they spend money .

According to case given , consumption should be taxed. Many economists believe that consumption tax would be best from the perspective of promoting economic growth and to encourage saving and capital formation.consumption tax makes economy more efficient while income taxation penalises savers and reward spenders .it's only fair that people are taxed on what they take out of limited resources pool through consumption rather than what they contribute to the pool using their income . However greeting from current tax system to consumption tax raises challenging set of transition issues.

2) Saudi Arabia has traditionally been tax free for individuals with oil revenue supporting a wide range of subsidies and benefits for citizens .

If income tax is imposed in kingdom of Saudi Arabians then it will bolster it's finances. Saudi Arabian by imposing income tax can raise funds needed for wide ranging reforms from fiscal and investment policy to social initiatives.

Income tax to on Saudis and non Saudis would raise a significant amount of oil revenue from the government. But it could also make luring expatraites to the conservative kingdom more difficult. It's tax free status attracts foriengers by imposing income tax it will will attract less foriengers.