1. Discuss how the following innovations, which first
appeared in Gymnosperms have freed plants from dependence upon
water for sexual reproduction and allowed Gymnosperms to dominate
the world’s vegetation until they were replaced by
Angiosperms.
a) The pollen grain with its pollen tube.
b) The ovule and the seed.
2A. List and describe the xerophytic adaptations of the
pine needle.