Question

Q # 7: Explain the difference between the glutamate hypothesis, dopamine hypothesis, and the serotonin-dopamine hypothesis of psychosis.

Q # 8: How are third-generation antipsychotic drugs different than first-generation antipsychotic drugs?

Q #9: How can animal models be used to evaluate atypical antipsychotic drugs?

Q # 10: What is the relationship between the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and the ventral tegmental area in schizophrenia?

Answer 1

Q1. Following table is comparative of the three hypothesis depending upon their targets and the response

Hypothesis	Target Treatment	Response
Dopamine	They act upon the dopaminergic stabilizers	Helps in the improvement of medication adherence
Glutamate	Bind to the NMDAR, AMPA receptor, or metabotropic receptors	Involved in the improvement of negative symptoms and cognitive impairments
Serotonin	Acts as 5-HT1A agonists, 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, 5-HT2C antagonists and agonists, 5-HT3 antagonists, 5-HT6 antagonists, and 5HT7 antagonists	Helps in Reduction of the extrapyramidal effects, improvement of negative symptoms and cognitive impairments as well as it is a potential treatment for different phases of the illness

2.

The third generation antipsychotics drugs are more advantageous over the first generation antipsychotics drugs. The main difference is that the third generation antipsychotics drugs are similar or more effective than the first line drug in treatment but they do not show any negative symptoms like first generation drugs.

The third generation drugs are superior than first generation drugs in terms of reducing negative symptoms, mood symptoms and cognitive symptoms as well they helps in enhancement of quality of life by decrteasing the extrapiramidal side-effects

3. The animal models can be used for testing their behaviour in order to predict the efficacy and side effect of the antipsychotic drugs. The pharmacological, genetic or developmental interventions are tested in the animal models to get the final outcomes.The animal model let us to understand the neurobiological basis of the disorder. conditioned avoidance response (CAR), stereotypies, hyperlocomotion, and disruption in the prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI) are some of the tests used to done on animal models that may help in the prediction of positive and negative symptoms of antipshycotic drugs.