Question

When you see a wolf in the forest, you will feel afraid and run away. What are 5 examples of neuronal processing and explain what is the role in the detection of the stimuli and the outcomes (also mention the brain region that involves. Explain how the stimuli processed until the outcomes.

Answer 1

An automatic,involuntary, instantaneous and unconscious action brought about by the involvement of the central nervous system is called a reflex action.The reflex action is mediated by the neuronal components,which constitute the reflex arc.A reflex arc is the route followed by a nerve impulse in the production of a reflex action.

Somatic nervous system is a part of peripheral nervous system,it consists of all the nerves that carry incoming sensory information and outgoing motor information. Incoming information comes to the brain or spinal cord from sense organs and muscles through afferent nerves.They carry information about external stimulation and the position of the skeletal muscles and limbs.Outgoing information travels through the fferent nerves from the brain or spinal cord in the form of neural impulses.These impulses give instructions for skeletal muscles to contract or relax,The somatic nervous system responds to external stimuli and regulates voluntary actions.

The parietal lobe association cortex lies behind the primary somatosensory cortex.The association areas of the partial lobe are involved with integrating information from the environment and integrating tactile information with visual and auditory information. The abilities of using memory to orient oneself in space and identifying objects within that space are controlled by these association areas.For instance,when something touches you on the shoulder,you are able to identify whether that touch is a friend's tap or something falling on you,This requires integration of the visual and auditory areas of the brain also.

Ex:

• Following traffic signals
• Our mouth watering by telling the word chicken/mutton
• By seeing tige run away
• By hearing a big sound close our ears
• By extreme cold or hot conditions take away the hand.

Sensory reception and processing:

Exteroceptors:They are located at or near surface of the body,and sensitive to external stimuli like hearing,vision,touch, taste and pain etc.

Interoreceptors:They are located at the visceral organs and blood vessels and sensitive to internal stimuli.

Proprioceptors:They are also a kind of interceptors and they provide information about body position and movement and are located in muscles,tendons,joints and the internal ear.

Thermoreceptors:They respond to heat and cold.

In the human body the different types of receptors detect all types of changes in the environment and sent appropriate signals to CNS.where all the inputs are processed and analysed.Then the different controlling enters of the brain send motor impulses to the effector through motor nerves.This is how you can sense changes in the environment.