Question

Define the terms antibacterial and antibiotic and explain how these substances work. Provide several examples of products you have seen that claim to be antibacterial (hint: house hold cleaning agents).  Having defined these terms, consider how they could design an antibacterial product or antibiotic drug that would only kill prokaryotic bacteria while leaving eukaryotic cells alone. The idea is for you to consider prokaryotic cell structures that are different from eukaryotic structures and target them. Next, address why we would be concerned with developing new antibacterials and new antibiotics since we already have so many. This is an opportunity to begin a discussion related to the public health concern of antibiotic resistance.

Answer 1

Ans- Antibacterial - antibacterial are the agents that destroy bacteria and inhibit the growth and reproduce ability of bacteria .

Eg- Are used in household cleaning and hand washing products . Other examples are- mouthwasshes , toothpaste, soaps , detergent, hand lotions etc.

Antibiotics_ antibiotics are the chemicals that inhibit the growth or even kill the microorganisms. These are obtained from microorganisms and used to destroy the other microorganisms .

All antibiotics drugs have antibacterial property .while antibacterial are specifically used against bacteria.on the other hand antibiotics can kill and keep pathogens from growing .

How antibiotics works- it works by attacking the wall or coating surrounding bacteria.

Inhibit the reproduce ability

Block protein production in bacteria.

Selection Of Prokaryotic And Leave Eukaryotic-

Antibiotics generally kill prokaryotic cells and do not harm eukaryotic cells .These are produced by fungi and bacteria and act to control their bacterial competitors . They are natural chemicals .

Eg- streptomycin only binds with Prokaryotic ribosomes and do not bind with Eukaryotic ribosomes and eventually stops protein synthesis in Prokaryotic cells .

Vancomycin and ofloxacin are broad spectrum antibiotics which are used against a wide range of bacteria. Vancomycin and penicillin inhibit enzymes required for formation of the bacterial cell wall , a structure that bacterial cells have but animal cells do not.

Why we are concerned witb developing new antibiotics and Antibacterial - it is because over time certain bacteria adapted resistance against these drugs . They developed specific resistance against them because with the passage of time microbes bacteria insects all adopt and learn a mechanism to resist its effect . Same happens with human in case of medicine or drugs taken very often , our body develop resistance like for fever cold and common flu , if consumption is very frequent ( paracetamol)

Some eg of antibiotics resistance are -

Clostridium difficile ( c.diff)

Vancomycin resistant enterococcus ( VRE)

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA)