If the GTPase function of Ras is destroyed, Ras will always be
on/activated. This causes increased Cyclin D and S phase genes
expression by transcription factor E2F. Describe how this
activation of Ras causes this increased expression of both Cyclin D
and S phase genes by explaining the role/function of the
following:
Raf, MEK, ERK
Myc
Cyclin D/Cdk4 or Cdk 6
Rb
E2F
also indicate if any of the above are a kinase or transcription
factor
What is meant by a missense mutation?What is a nonsense mutation?What is a silent mutation?What is a frameshift mutation? Give an example
of each type of mutation and discuss the effect on a protein
product.
Describe each of the below mutations AND provide an example of
each.
Point mutation
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation
Silent mutation
Transition
Transversion
Frameshift mutation
22. You are studying a toxin that prevents RAS, a GTPase from
hydrolyzing GTP. You find that this toxin increase the amount of
cell growth. Please explain this finding.
23. You find that some cells have mutations that permanently
deactivate Raf in this pathway. Please state whether you agree or
the Ras-affecting drug from the previous question will increase the
amount of cell growth in the inactive Raf mutants.
Agree or Disagree?
Ras nucleotide exchange is stimulated by ___.
A mutation in RTK receptor that allows the receptor to bind the
ligand and pair with a wild-type receptor but blocks signal
transduction is classified as a ________ ________ mutation, whereas
a mutation that activates RTK pairing signal transduction even in
the absence of ligand is classified as a ______________ _______
mutation.
PTEN is a phosphatase that removes a phosphate group from ____,
thereby preventing its activation of Akt kinase.