Question

The kinesiological analysis of any MULTI JOINT (involving different muscle groups) MOVEMENT.

1. Skill: describe three components IN DETAIL (i.e. prep phase, action phase, and Follow-through phase) Be sure to classify as simultaneous or sequential* IN DETAIL
2. Anatomical/performance factors: Describe Five to six components IN DETAIL(at least THREE-FOUR joints should be considered). This includes the analysis of how joints, muscles, and neuromuscular mechanisms work to create movement IN DETAIL.
3. Potential injuries: describe a minimum of three components IN DETAIL. This includes injuries often associated with this movement.
4. Equipment/environmental influences: describe a minimum of five-six components IN DETAIL. Includes the impact that various external factors can have on the movement IN DETAIL.
5. Results IN DETAIL.

Answer 1

Multijoint movements or multijoint exercises are complex exercises that require more than one muscle group and involve more than one joint.

Example: step-ups, push-ups, squat etc.

The three phases of multijoint movement are

1. Preparation phase - often referred to as cocking or wind-up phase, it is used to lenghthen appropriate muscles to bring them into position to generate more force and momentum when concentrically contract in next phase. It is the most critical phase in leading to the desired result of action.

2. Action phase - also known as movement, acceleration, motion or contact phase, it is the action part of the skill. The sum of force is generated directly to ball, sport object or opponent. It is usually characterized by near maximal concentric activity involved in muscle.

3. Follow through phase -it begins immediately after climax of action phase and brings about negative acceleration of body segments involved. Hence called deceleration phase. The velocity of body segment decreases progressively over a wide range of motion.

The anatomical or performance factors that influence multijoint movement are height, weight, body mass index and muscle mass.

Neuromuscular coordination

The movements your muscles make are coordinated and controlled by the brain and nervous system. The involuntary muscles are controlled by structures deep within the brain and the upper part of the spinal cord called the brain stem. The voluntary muscles are regulated by the parts of the brain known as the cerebral motor cortex and the cerebellum.

When you decide to move, the motor cortex sends an electrical signal through the spinal cord and peripheral nerves to the muscles, causing them to contract. The motor cortex on the right side of the brain controls the muscles on the left side of the body and vice versa.

The cerebellum coordinates the muscle movements ordered by the motor cortex. Sensors in the muscles and joints send messages back through peripheral nerves to tell the cerebellum and other parts of the brain where and how the arm or leg is moving and what position it's in. This feedback results in smooth, coordinated motion. If you want to lift your arm, your brain sends a message to the muscles in your arm and you move it. When you run, the messages to the brain are more involved, because many muscles have to work in rhythm.

Muscles move body parts by contracting and then relaxing. Your muscles can pull bones, but they can't push them back to their original position. So they work in pairs of flexors and extensors. The flexor contracts to bend a limb at a joint. Then, when you've completed the movement, the flexor relaxes and the extensor contracts to extend or straighten the limb at the same joint:

• For example, the biceps muscle, in the front of the upper arm, is a flexor, and the triceps, at the back of the upper arm, is an extensor. When you bend at your elbow, the biceps contracts. Then the biceps relaxes and the triceps contracts to straighten the elbow.

Joints are points of contact between bones or between bones and cartilages. Force generated by muscles is used to carry out movement through joints,where joints act as fulcrum. Joints allow our bodies to move in many ways. Some joints open and close like a hinge (such as knees and elbows), whereas others allow for more complicated movement — a shoulder or hip joint, for example, allows for backward, forward, sideways, and rotating movement.

Joints are classified by their range of movements. Immovable or fibrous joints don't move. The dome of the skull, for example, is made of bony plates, which must be immovable to protect the brain. Between the edges of these plates are links, or joints, of fibrous tissue. Fibrous joints also hold the teeth in the jawbone.

Partially movable or cartilaginous joints move a little. They are linked by cartilage, as in the spine. Each of the vertebrae in the spine moves in relation to the one above and below it, and together these movements give the spine its flexibility.

Freely movable or synovial joints move in many directions. The main joints of the body — found at the hip, shoulders, elbows, knees, wrists, and ankles — are freely movable. They are filled with synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant to help the joints move easily. There are three kinds of freely movable joints that play a big part in voluntary movement:

• Hinge joints allow movement in one direction, as seen in the knees and elbows.
• Pivot joints allow a rotating or twisting motion, like that of the head moving from side to side.
• Ball-and-socket joints allow the greatest freedom of movement. The hips and shoulders have this type of joint, in which the round end of a long bone fits into the hollow of another bone.
• Gliding joint - between carpals
• Saddle joint- between carpals and metacarpals of thumb

Potential injuries

1. Fracture

A fracture is when a bone breaks; it may crack, snap, or shatter. After a bone fracture, new bone cells fill the gap and repair the break. Applying a strong plaster cast, which keeps the bone in the correct position until it heals, is the usual treatment. If the fracture is complicated, metal pins and plates can be placed to better stabilize the fracture while the bone heals.

2. Tendonitis

It is a common sports injury that usually happens after overusing a muscle. The tendon and tendon sheath become inflamed, which can be painful. Resting the muscles and taking anti-inflammatory medication can help to relieve this condition.S

3.Strains

It happens when a muscle or tendon is overstretched. Strains usually happen when a person takes part in a strenuous activity when the muscles haven't properly warmed up or the muscle is not used to the activity (such as a new sport or playing a familiar sport after a long break)

4.Sprain

Sprains are overstreching or partial tearing of ligaments. It is a result of an injury such as twisting an ankle or knee.

Environmental influence on multi joint movement.

Biological and physical factors such as age, sex, physical constitution, and daily activities can affect patterns of joint flexibility. Atmospheric temperature, diet etc can also influence muscle contraction.