Question

a. Name one of the cardinal signs of inflammation triggered by activated complement proteins.

b. which of the three asexual spore formation method in fungi most closely resembles the formation of bacterial endospores?

Answer 1

Ans (a). There are five cardinal signs of inflammation: pain, heat, redness, sweelling and loss of function. Complement ptoreins are membrane bound proeins of immune cells which on activation kills pathogen cells by cell lysis making pore in cell membrane of pathogen and by opsanization of pathogen cell followed by teir phagocytosis.

Activated complement system may induce inflammation. The activated component proteins mainly C3a, C3b, C5b-9 cause all cardinal signs (mainly edema/ redness) of inflammation and then after tissue damage.

Ans (b). Asexual spore also called as mitospore in fungi are produced from mitosis. The three methods of asexual spore formation in fungi are: 1. Formation of many thin walled small conidia/ conidiospores by mitosis at the end of conidiophore (exogenous). 2. Formation of thick walled chlamydospores by fragmentation of hyphae (Exogenous) 3. Formation of sporangiospores in sporangia at the end of hyphae (endogenous). Sporangiospores are also two type: motile zoospore and non-motile aplanospores. Both are endspores.

So formation of aplanospore sporangiospore in fungi is similar to endospore formation in bacteria. Both are produced in odd circumstances and generate during fevarouable condiation. Both are non-motile,  thick walled to resist harsh  conditions. Both are single celled spores .