Question

Economic Legislation. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

Describe the (PRA) and determine its impact on healthcare policy and delivery.

Using a SWOT Analysis chart, assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the healthcare industry as a whole.

Answer 1

THE CHARTS ARE IN PICTURE FORMAT REFER FROM PICTURE. FOLLOWING SOLUTIONS ARE GIVEN BELOW:-

Paperwork Reduction Act 1980,a United States federal law enacted in 1980 designed to scale back the whole quantity of work burden the federal imposes on non-public businesses and voters. The Act imposes procedural needs on agencies that would like to gather data from the general public. It conjointly established the workplace of knowledge and regulative Affairs (OIRA) at intervals the workplace of Management and Budget (OMB), and licensed this new agency to superintend federal agencies' assortment of data of data of knowledge from the general public and to determine information policies. a considerable modification, the work Reduction Act of 1995, confirmed that OIRA's authority extended over not solely agency orders to supply data to the government, however conjointly agency orders to supply data to the general public.

As per in this question have to select healthcare policy and delivery so current situation on healthcare is pandemic covid-19 spreading all over the world.In December 2019, a new outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus began in Wuhan (Hubei Province, China).

SWOT Analysis of COVID-19 Prevention and Control Strategies in China

SWOT analysis refers to the assessment and evaluation of various strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O), threats (T), and other factors that influence a specific topic. It comprehensively, systematically, and accurately describes the scenario in which the topic is located. This helps to formulate the corresponding strategies, plans, and countermeasures, which are based on the results of the assessment . This method can be used to identify favourable and unfavourable factors and conditions, solve current problems in a targeted manner, recognize the challenges and obstacles faced, and formulate strategic plans to guide scientific decisions. This study used the SWOT analysis method, and drew on our experience of the response to the 2003 SARS epidemic, the 2019 China Health Statistics Yearbook data, and changes in China’s policy environment for the COVID-19 response, to perform a systematic analysis of the COVID-19 prevention and control strategy.

Strength Analysis

a) The Medical and Health System is Gradually Improving

According to data from the China Health and Health Statistics Yearbook 2019, the amount of medical resources in China has been steadily increasing. The gross domestic product (GDP), the number of medical and health institutions, the number of beds in medical and health institutions, and the number of health technicians per 1000 of the population, have all been increasing year-by-year; therefore, the medical and health system is gradually improving

(Figures 1–4 {Refer fig from picture})

Fig 1- 2003–2018 gross domestic product (GDP) of China.

Fig 2-Number of domestic medical and health institutions, 2003–2018

Fig 3-Number of beds in medical institutions, 2003–2018

Fig 4-Number of health technicians, 2003–2018 (per thousand population)

b) Comprehensive Advancement of China’s Health Emergency System

In 2003, the SARS epidemic had a huge impact on China’s economy and society, especially the lives of ordinary people. At the time of the SARS outbreak, there were no specialized health emergency agencies, established plans, systems, mechanisms, or applicable legal framework. Faced with severe challenges, the Chinese government responded by developing a health emergency system based on a “one plan, three systems” strategy, and continued to strengthen basic health services. “One plan” refers to the emergency plan, and “three systems” refers to establishing and improving

(1) emergency response systems,

(2) mechanisms, and

(3) legal systems.

In the face of the rapidly advancing COVID-19 epidemic, the Chinese health emergency system can play a role in the guiding, coordination, prevention, and control of this epidemic.

c) Quick and Effective Cooperation in the Joint Prevention and Control of Various Departments

Multi sectoral cooperation is complex. China has a centralized and unified administrative leadership system. In response to major public health emergencies, the administrative execution of each department is robust. In the face of the COVID-19 epidemic, China has launched a joint prevention and control mechanism, which has played an important role in defining each department’s response. The Department of Trade needs to increase the supervision of key trading places, especially places involved in the trade of poultry and wild animals, such as farmers’ markets, bazaars, and supermarkets. The Department of Transport needs to implement traffic control measures in key places such as stations, airports, wharfs, and closed public transport, and to ensure that necessary measures, such as ventilation, disinfection, and temperature monitoring, are observed once a suspected case of COVID-19 is identified. The Human Resources and Social Security departments need to strengthen their handling of labor relations during the epidemic period, protect employees’ wages and benefits, and make arrangements for employees to take paid leave. On this leave, according to a type of subsidy standard, each person will be given a subsidy of 29 or 43 U.S. dollars per day . The Education Department requested that schools establish a current ledger for teachers and students, and has postponed the start of the spring semester, which was maybe scheduled to start in April or May 2020. The national government has allocated 4.4 billion yuan to the COVID-19 prevention and control subsidy fund to support various agencies performing epidemic prevention and control related work; an additional 500 million yuan has been allocated to Hubei Province, and the Finance Department and the Medical Insurance Department have identified further costs associated with the investigation and

outpatient medical treatment of the COVID-19 epidemic. Policies to cover the medical expenses of patients diagnosed in other places should also be put in place. In the event of a major illness, health insurance covers some medical expenses in accordance with regulations; the personal burden will be subsidized by the finances. The required funds are paid in advance by the medical provider, and the central government reimburses the medical provider at 60% of the actual expenses incurred.

Weakness Analysis

A) Cases of COVID-19 Developed in Many Regions within a Short Period

In 2019, the first 27 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were officially notified; of those, 7 patients were in serious condition, and the remaining patients were stable. However, COVID-19 spread to 34 provinces or regions of China within one month, and the total number of countries affected worldwide is increasing. A lag in the release of information, especially compared to the SARS epidemic, may be one of the reasons for the rapid spread of COVID-19

B) The COVID-19 Epidemic Coincided with the Spring Festival, Complicating Epidemic Prevention and Control Measures The 2020 Railway Spring Festival Transport started on January 10, 2020 and was scheduled to end on February 18, 2020, after a total of 40 days. The COVID-19 outbreak coincided with this transport period. During Spring Festival use of all modes of travel, including airlines, railway, road, and water increases, providing opportunities for the virus to spread. Of note, the windows of trains, planes,subways, and passenger cars are closed.

C) China is a Vast Country with a Huge Population

China’s land area is about 9.6 million square kilometers, and there are 34 provincial-level administrative regions, including 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17,special administrative regions. By the end of 2018, China’s population had reached 1.395 billion,and China’s floating population including temporary residents, registered tourists, and transient populations reached 241 million. Huge population bases, large-scale crowd movements, and large regional movement diameters have posed great difficulties to the epidemic prevention and control efforts.

D) Lack of Relief Materials and Human Resources

The discrepancy between supply and demand of prevention and control materials remains prominent, and there have been serious shortages of masks and protective clothing in Wuhan and other places in Hubei Province. China has used the central reserve to ensure the needs of the epidemic area are met, and has adopted methods such as increasing production capacity and strengthening international cooperation, in order to meet the current mismatch between supply and demand. Through these efforts, the resumption of work and production has reached 40%, but the demand for protective clothing, masks, and other materials remains high.

Opportunity Analysis

A) New Exploration of the Pneumonia Epidemic

SARS-CoV-2, has a high level of infectivity, which poses challenges for prevention and control of infection. SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emergent CoV from an independent evolutionary branch. It belongs to the same beta coronavirus genus as the original SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but it is genetically distinct from these two related viruses, with a nucleic acid homology of <80%. The virus that is currently known to be the most closely related to SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from a Yunnan chrysanthemum bat and shares a nucleic acid homology of 96%. Therefore, the chrysanthemum bat may be the original source of SARS-CoV-2, although the direct source of the current epidemic has not been found. Chinese researchers have been quick to respond to the epidemic by initiating new research on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment, clinical outcomes, and laboratory and radiological characteristics of COVID-19, carrying out research and development of diagnostic tests and candidate vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Multiple studies published in the world’s top journals, including a series of articles that were published in the Lancet less than 2 months after the start of the epidemic to promote identification of the source of infection, the duration and mechanisms of human transmission, and clinical knowledge about the diseases, show the need for more in-depth research on COVID-19.

B) Further Improvement and Inspection of the Emergency Health System

The COVID-19 epidemic is a severe test for China’s health emergency system, and challenges the Chinese government, health departments, medical institutions, and disease prevention and control departments. Insufficient long-term reserves of materials, lack of training of health emergency personnel, and the ability to detect and respond to emergency medical treatment all need to be addressed. Further data is required to improve knowledge on the etiology, detection and monitoring of important infectious disease pathogens, virus-host interactions, pathogenic mechanisms, antiviral drugs, and vaccines. Due to constraints such as limited data and knowledge of the pathogen and experimental conditions, there has been insufficient long-term deployment of research, especially in the research of some severe infectious diseases; a lack of integration of resources and sharing of results also exists.

C) Opportunities for Education in Infectious Diseases

Public awareness of the COVID-19 epidemic is generally high, which provides a good opportunity for national education on infectious diseases. Through official channel information release, the public became aware of the COVID-19 epidemic. For example, Baidu index big data shows that the average daily number of internet searches of the keyword “masks” is 3.9 million. At the same time, related issues such as “the correct use of masks” and “N95 protective masks” have also become a major source of interest among the general public. “Symptoms of novel coronavirus”, “transmission routes of novel coronavirus”, and “new cases of coronavirus” are also internet search terms that have been trending, revealing a high level of concern. Public awareness of epidemic prevention and control has been improved by the COVID-19 epidemic, as has health education overall.

Threat Analysis

A) Unknown Source of the Pneumonia Outbreak at the Start of the COVID-19 Epidemic

At present, the source of the original pneumonia outbreak at the start of the COVID-19 epidemic, and the transmission mechanism of the virus are unknown, and there is no specific treatment available. At the time of completion of this manuscript in early March, 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic is still rapidly spreading around the world.

B) Impact of COVID-19 on Public Daily Life, Work, and Psychology

During the national extended spring holiday period, most enterprises and institutions suspended production and operations, reopening of various schools has been delayed, some railways and flights have been suspended, and many people have been isolated at home.

C)Impact of COVID-19 on the National Economy

From the current policy adjustments of various national departments and changes in public life and work plans, the main domestic industries that affect the country include: service industry (including accommodation, tourism, and catering), infrastructure (including construction machinery, transportation investment, and power heating), and transportation (including rail, plane, and road). Due to international restrictions, the cancellation of international flights may cause some fluctuations in import and export trade.