Question

Hypertension, the silent killer as they called it, in the past was described as essential
hypertension because they thought? ...................................... 2 points

2. The blood vessels that regulate blood pressure are the ................................ diameter blood
vessels. 1 point
3. From what you know about the factors that determine cardiac failure and blood pressure
explain how left ventricle hypertrophy leads to reduction in blood pressure in the absence of
compensatory heart rate mechanisms?.......................... 4 points

4. Explain briefly the differences between: cluster cancers and sporadic cancers? What is germ line
mutation and how is it different from somatic mutation? 5 points
5. How can you intervene in many steps to stop spread of cancer (metastasis)? 3 points

Answer 1

1.Essential Hypertension is also known as primary or idiopathic hypertension.

1.This is the hypertension with an unknown cause or there is no secondary cause.This can only be diagnosed when there is no secondary cause.

2. There will be a high levels of blood pressure and increases its risk due to overweight,stress etc.

2. Blood vessels that regulate blood flow will have largest diameter.Because smallest the diameter increases the pressure in the walls of arteries and thus the blood pressure rises.

3. Factors that determine cardiac failure and blood pressure are

• Elasticity of the walls in the vessels
• Peripheral vascular resistance
• Viscosity of blood
• Cardiac out put etc.

Left ventricular hypertrophy usually thickens the walls of the vessels which results in increased blood pressure.

As this is because of hypertrophy of heart muscles this creates sleep apnea which usually causes high blood pressure.

But treating sleep apnea reduces blood pressure which reverses left ventricular hypertrophy.

As sleep apnea can be treated with CPAP that is Continuous Positive Airway Pressure this keeping the airway open,this also helps in lowering blood pressure.

4. Sporadic Cancer : Sporadic cancer occurs in people who do not have any inherited gene in their DNA or who does not have any family history of cancers.

These occurs all over the world and not specific to particular geographic condition.

Cluster Cancer : Cluster cancers are familial.These are inherited and have a family history of cancer.Eg: Breast,Ovarian,Colon cancers.

These occurs in a particular geographic area.

Germ line : Series of germ cells that are derived from their earlier cells that is from earlier generations.

Germ line mutation : Any identifiable mutations that take place in such germ cells which were transferred to offsprings is known as germ line mutation.

The difference between somatic and germinal mutations are somatic takes place in a single cell and cannot be inherited as germinal.

5. Metastasis can be intervened by

Targeting the cells that helps the growth of the tumor.

By destructing the already existing tumor cells.

​​​​​​​By treating the existing tumors.