Question

Answer 3 of the following questions/topics

Define the age group and name at least 2 theorists that study that age group. Be sure to mention

specific tasks, milestones, growth patterns, cognitive development patterns, play, exercise, and other

pertinent element of the age group you are discussing

1)_ Summarize the growth and development of the Middle Child

2)_ Summarize the growth and development of the Adolescent

3)_ Summarize the growth and development of the Young Adult

4)_ Summarize the growth and development of the Middle Adult

Answer 1

#. Two theorist who studied these age groups :-

Cognitive development theory - Piaget

- 3 core competencies: adaptation, assimilation, & accomodation

-cognitive development occurs in a sequence of 4 stages: sensorimotor, preoperational thought, concrete operations, & formal operations

Psychosocial development theory - Erikson

- personality continues to evolve

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 18 months)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (18 months-3 yr.)

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 yrs.)

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11yrs)

5. Identity vs. Role confusion (11-21yrs)

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (21-40)

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65)

8. Ego integrity vs. Despair (65+

1) Middle childhood :

Middle childhood (usually defined as ages 6 to 12) is a time when children develop foundational skills for building healthy social relationships and learn roles that will prepare them for adolescence and adulthood.

Anatomical changes :-

Normal child grows 2-3 inches and 4-7 pounds per year

Relative head size decreases

COG drops from lower thoracic to umbilical

Most growth is in the limbs during this stage

- Motor Development

Middle Childhood: 6-11 yrs

Large muscle groups begin to develop more significantly: loss of "baby"

Long bones grow: produce "growing pains

Girls tend to develop motor skills sooner than boys

Posture improves

-Abdominals increase, creating less ANT tilt

-Posture may still be diminished, especially in tall children

Sensorimotor integration continues to develop

-complex movement patters develop- sports

- Sensory Development: Vision

Middle Childhood: 6-11

Depth and 3-dimensional perception develops

Perception of movement and peripheral vision

Figure-ground perception

- Cognitive Development

Middle Childhood: ages 6-11

Piaget: by age 7, child is concrete operational

Conservation: objects are the same even when they are made to look different

-Disney characters

Causation: cause and effect relationships

Capability to arrange and sort

-may begin collections of objects

Attention span increases progressively

Problem solving is initiated

-boys tend to be better mathematically at this stage

Memory improves as does ability to understand time, space, and dimension

Stress characteristics may development and mood may be affected

- Play: Middle Childhood

May be team oriented

Typically begin to separate by gender

-Boys: aggressive

-Girls: social

Often have best friend

May have enemy

Bullying may exist

- Communication

Middle Childhood:

Grammar and sentence structure begin

-use nouns, verbs, and adjectives

Able to describe feelings and emotions

May develop "secret" language

2. Adolescents - refers to the psychological , emotional, cognitive and moral transition from childhood to young adulthood .

Adolescent Development

Early Adolescence (11-14 years)

Middle Adolescence (15-17 years)

Late Adolescence (18-20 years)

Complex interplay of biologic, cognitive, psychological and social change

#. Biologic (Physical) Growth

Dramatic increase in growth accompanies sexual maturation

-adolescent growth spurt; usually within 24-36 month period

Gains in growth

-Final 20-25% of linear growth

-up to 50% of ideal adult body weight

-Girls usually gain 8.5-9.5 inches in height and 68-110 pounds in weight

-Boys usually gain 10.5-20 inches in height and 76-118 pounds in weight

#. Maturation of Systems

Heart, blood volume, and systolic BP increase in size and strength

Pulse rate and basal heat production decrease

Respiratory vital capacity increases

Adult values for all formed elements of blood

Lungs increase in diameter and length. Respiratory volume and vital capacity increase

Increased performance capabilities

Steady decline in basal metabolic rate

Sweat and sebaceous glands become more active

Continued brain maturation with proliferation of support cells that nourish neurons.

Maturation of Systems; Puberty

Should take 3-6 years to complete

Growth spurt early in puberty

Secondary sex characteristics develop

-result of hormonal changes; voice change, hair growth, breast enlargement, fat deposits

-play no direct role in reproduction

Primary sex characteristics

-external and internal organs necessary for reproduction

-menstruation and hormonal changes

#. Psychosocial Development

Erikson: Sense of Identity

-early adolescent: group identity v alienation

-late adolescent: development of personal identity v role diffusion

-sex-role identity

-emotionality

Tasks related to achievement of identity

Accepting changed body image

Establishing a value system

Making a career decision

Becoming emancipated from parents

#. Social Development

Greater Autonomy and less dependence on parents

-need increased age-appropriate independence and freedom

-need to interact with peers to learn about themselves and others

-parental support is still necessary

Relationship with parents changes in three ways

-as cognitive ability increases, their perceptions of parents change. Now, view them as individuals as well as parents.

-less time is spent with parents and families

-more conflict with parents

#. Social Development: Developing a sense of identity

Measure attractiveness by acceptance or rejection by peers (not always technical definition of attractive)

Modifies body image to conform with group norms

Idealistic

#. Spiritual Development

More oriented toward spiritual development than toward specific rituals or practices

Some may question values and beliefs of family

Capable of understanding abstract concepts, interpreting analogies and symbols

May fear that others will not understand their feelings

#. Sexuality

Accelerated development

May question sexual orientation

Earlier age of first sexual intercourse, greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases

#. Cognitive Development: Piaget

11-14 years old

Emergence of Formal Operational Thought

-abstract thinking

-ability to analyze situations logically

Think about possibilities (philosophical, political, social)

Entertain hypothetical situations, use of metaphors

Ability to think realistically about the future, goal setting

Need guidance for rational decision making

3. Yound adult - is the age group between 20- 40 years .

#. physical changes in young adults

stable period of development, usually active, tends to ignore symptoms

#. cognitive changes in young adults

critical thinking habits increase, formal and informal educational experiences affect problem solving and motor skills

#. psychosocial changes in young adults

insecurity at home, maturing relationships and roles, adapting to parenthood, separation/divorce, violence

#. nutrition and sleep in young adults

obesity, folic acid increase, increased activity, stress

#. health promotion for young adults

develop behaviors to promote a healthy lifestyle, decrease incidences of accidents, injuries, and violence, preventive care (screenings)

#. injury and violence prevention in young adults

suicide and depression, accidents, occupational hazards/ stressors, chemical agents, MVA, sexual assault, domestic violence