Question

list construction criteria for water distribution system. design, construction and operation. from an agency.
please list refrence

hydrology. water resources

Answer 1

1. The velocity can also be used as a design criterion instead of pressure gradient.
2. Velocity should neither be less than 0.6 m/s to prevent sedimentation nor should be more than 2 m/s to prevent head loss and erosion.
3. For designing for municipal areas pressure should be ranging from 150 to 300 kPa for residential districts and 400 to 500 kPa for commercial districts.
4. The maximum pressure limitation should be 70 m of water and fire hydrant pressure should not be less than 50 kPa.
5. Requirement of pipe sizes should be fulfilled according to the appropriate pipe size regulation for the needed work type.
6. Heat loss and average water consumption should also be taken care.
7. Pipes should be of proper strength and corrosion resistance.
8. Proper care should be taken for the leakage in the water distribution system.
9. Main alignment and service alignment should be installed according to the standard details and location should also be taken care of.
10. Thrust restraint should be accomplished with mechanically restrained joints and looping and dead end mains should be take care of.
11. Valve type, location and air release rate should be properly done.