Question

1-Select and asset and perform life cycle cost taking into an account all the possible costs (service, disposal, initial, etc)

2-List examples where extranational legal issues between nations may arise with respect to environmental issues

3-Select a project or a product and discuss actions that could be taken to optimize the effects of three environmental key indicators

4- Select a project or a product and discuss actions that could be taken to optimize the effects of three social key indicators

5-Describe factors or activities you believe would be important to include in a greenhouse gas inventory assessment.

Answer 1

1)

Life cycle costing, or whole-life costing, is the process of estimating how much money you will spend on an asset over the course of its useful life.

 

Buying an asset is a cost commitment that extends beyond its price tag. For example, think of a car. The car’s price tag is only part of the car’s overall life cycle cost. You also need to consider expenses for car insurance, interest, gas, oil changes, and any other necessary maintenance to keep the car running. Not planning for these additional costs can set you back.

 

The cost to buy, use, and maintain a business asset adds up. Whether you’re purchasing a car, a copier, a computer, or inventory, you should consider and budget for the asset’s future costs.

 

To calculate an asset’s life cycle cost, estimate the following expenses:

1. Purchase
2. Installation
3. Operating
4. Maintenance
5. Financing (e.g., interest)
6. Depreciation
7. Disposal

 

2)

There are many environmental issues in India. Air pollution, water pollution, garbage domestically prohibited goods and pollution of the natural environment are all challenges for India. Nature is also causing some drastic effects on India. The situation was worse between 1947 through 1995. According to data collection and environment assessment studies of World Bank experts, between 1995 through 2010, India has made some of the fastest progress in addressing its environmental issues and improving its environmental quality in the world.[1][2] Still, India has a long way to go to reach environmental quality similar to those enjoyed in developed economies. Pollution remains a major challenge and opportunity for India.

 

Environmental issues are harmful effects of human activity on the biophysical environment. Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the natural environment on the individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and humans. Environmentalism, a social and environmental movement, addresses environmental issues through advocacy, education and activism

Producing algal biofuels could improve or harm water quality depending on the resource input and management used in algae cultivation, weather events, integrity of infrastructure, and processing of spent water. Water-quality concerns associated with commercial-scale production of algal biofuels, if sufficient culture waters are released to natural environments, include eutrophication of waters, contamination of groundwater, and salinization of water sources.

 

3)

It can be considered, for example, that there are major subsets of environmental indicators in-line with the Pressure-State-Response model developed by the OECD. One subset of environmental indicators is the collection of ecological indicators which can include physical, biological and chemical measures such as atmospheric temperature, the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere or the number of breeding bird pairs in an area. These are also referred to as “state” indicators as their focus is on the state of the environment or conditions in the environment. A second subset is the collection of indicators that measure human activities or anthropogenic pressures, such as greenhouse gas emissions. These are also referred to as “pressure” indicators. Finally, there are indicators, such as the number of people serviced by sewage treatment, which track societal responses to environmental issues.

 

4)

Examples of social indicators cover the full range of issues that matter for individual, community and societal well-being. Common examples include:

• Poverty rate
• Inequality rate
• Educational attainment
• Life expectancy
• Employment and unemployment rates
• Obesity rate
• Fertility rate
• Health expenditure
•  
• Poverty as seen by social scientists: Income and level of consumption are the usual indicators of poverty. But many social scientists view poverty from many other parameters; like illiteracy, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, etc.
•  
• 5)
• Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and certain synthetic chemicals, trap some of the Earth's outgoing energy, thus retaining heat in the atmosphere. This heat trapping causes changes in the radiative balance of the Earth—the balance between energy received from the sun and emitted from Earth—that alter climate and weather patterns at global and regional scales.
•  
• Some greenhouse gases are emitted exclusively from human activities (e.g., synthetic halocarbons). Others occur naturally but are found at elevated levels due to human inputs (e.g., carbon dioxide). Anthropogenic sources result from energy-related activities (e.g., combustion of fossil fuels in the electric utility and transportation sectors), agriculture, land-use change, waste management and treatment activities, and various industrial processes. Major greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and various synthetic chemicals.