Question

1. Basic anatomy and physiology of the skin
2. Bathing with dignity for caregivers.
3. Safe patient handling: lifting

Using one of these three modules create a case study .The components of the case study must include the following

1. learning objective of the case study.
2.Medical history of the patient .
3. Social history of the patient.
4. Objective data.
5.Subjective data.
6. Identify patient problems.

Develop four patient questions for your peers related to case study.

Access medline university account
Click on catalog
Using the search box type in the name of the modules listed up there.
Use one of the modules to create a case study where the learning module you just completed would be appropriate.

Answer 1

ANATOMY OF SKIN

INTRODUCTION

Skin is also know as Cutaneous membrane or Integument,covers the external surface of the body.It is the largest organ of the body .

TYPES

1. HIRSUTE - Thin,hairyskin which covers the greater part of the body
2. GLABROUS -  Which covers the surface of the pal

LAYERS OF SKIN

EPIDERMIS	DERMIS
Superficial layer made up of epithelia	Deeper layer made up of connective tissue

STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN

• EPIDERMIS- It is the superficial layer of the skin which composed of epithelial tissue.
• DERMIS- It is the deep layer of the skin which primarily composed of connective tissue.
• SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER - It consist of areolar and adipose tissue,fatstorage,area for blood vessel passage and an area of pressure sensing nerve ending.

LATERS OF EPIDERMIS

1. STRATUM BASALE(deepest single layer of epidermis)
2. STRATUM SPINOSUM ( provide strength and flexibility to the skin)
3. STRATUM GRANULOSM(contain dark staining keratohyalin granules)
4. STRATUM LUCIDUM(present only in figertipd palms and soles of the feet)
5. STRATUM CORNEUM(25-30 layers of flat dead cell filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids)

GLANDS OF SKIN

A) Sebaceous(oil) gland

B)Sudoriferous(sweat)gland

C)Ceruminus(wax)gland

D)Mammary(milk)gland

PHYSIOLOGY OF SKIN

1. PROTECTION
2. THERMOREGULATION
3. VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS
4. EXCRETION AND ABSORPTION
5. CUTANEOUS SENSATION

PROTECTION

• Pysical,chemical and biological barriers
• Prevents bacterial invasion
• Lipids released retard evaporation
• Pigment protects somewhat against UV Rays
• Langerhans cells alert immune system

   THERMOREGULATION

• Perspiration and its Evaporation
• Lower and Raise the body temprature as needed

VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS

• Activation of a precursor molecule in the skin by UV light
• Enzymes in the liver and kidney modify the activated molecule to produce calcitriol,the most active form of vitamin D.

  EXCREATION AND ABSORPTION     

EXCREATION	ABSORPTION
400 ml of water per day	Water soluble-Negligible
Small amount Nacl	Lipid soluble Vitamins-A,D,E,K
CO2	Organic solvents
Ammonia	Heavy Metals
Urea	Topical medicines

CUTANEOUS SENSATIONS

1. Touch
2. Pressure
3. Vibration
4. Tickle
5. Heat and Cold
6. Pain and Itch(Noxious)