Question

Punishment occurs every day in families, schools, and workplaces. But often the intended results fail to occur. When punishment must be used, what are five guidelines that should be followed?

                       

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model is the best-known model of human memory. Describe the flow of information through human memory according to the model, including the basic properties of the different types of memory stores.

                       

Explain the difference between algorithmic and heuristic approaches to solving problems. Then provide one algorithmic and one heuristic strategy for deciding how much paint you would need to paint your bedroom.

                       

Is heuristic thinking, good, bad, or somewhere in between? What advantages—if any—are associated with heuristic thinking? Are there disadvantages to using heuristics, and if so, what are they? Use the availability heuristic to provide examples to support your claims.

                       

Describe the key concepts behind the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and two-factor theories of emotion. Provide examples for each.

                       

What is the fight-or-flight response? How is it thought to be related to anxiety and anxiety disorders?

                       

Describe the two categories or types of attributions. Then explain how the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias affect our use of the two types of attributions.

Answer 1

Atkinson- Shiffrin Model

Atkinson Shiffrin model was proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin(1968). This model is also known as ''Dual Model'' or ''Modal Model''

Stages of Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

1st satge(Sensory Memory)

This is first stage of memory where the information enters to the nervous system through the sensory organs.Sensory memory can store the information just for 1.5-2 seconds.Sensory Memory has 2 different types.

A)Ichonic Memory-Visual Memory is generally known as the Ichonic Memory. This Ichonic Memory lasts only for fraction of a second. The capacity of this memory can be seen at just one time.

B)Echoic Memory- Echoic Memory refers to a sensory memory of something a person had heard. The capacity of this memory is very limited. This memory can lasts only for 2 Seconds.

2nd Stage(Short-term Memory)

When we paid attention in sensory memory, it can transfered to the next level of memory process. So we can say that sensory memory can transfered into the Short-term Memory if we pay attention. This kind of attention is also known as the''Selective Attention''. The ability of the Short-term Memory is, it can focus only on 1 Stimuli between all the sensory responses.

Specification Of Short-Term Memory

• Storage capacity is 7+_- 2 Items at a time. It is also known as Millers Magical Number.The capacity of STM only increased by Chaunking.
• Infomation decays here randomly
• Sometimes Verbal Information also stored here
• Duration time is generally 20-30 Seconds.

Stage 3( Long-term Memory)

Information need to go through some certain amount of recall to go in the Long term memory. Information generally stored in the LTM simantically. The storage capacity of the LTM is kind of unlimited.

We can store random and unlimited information in LTM by using some following methods

Reharsal

Only a certain amount of Reharsal can store all the information.Lack of reharsal can transfer the Long- term memory into the forgotten Memory.

Elaborative Reharsal

Deep processing of information that needs to be remember can be seen here. It is kind of formation of organisation, Catagorization, Method of Chunking, cognitive procession etc.

Semantic Memory

Semantic Memory refers to the General Knowledge of Someone's. It is the ability to remember the meaning of a word, Not only that it also helps to remember the concepts of law and nature of science.

Episodic Memory

It gathers all the personal information that are not presently available.This memory assosiated with all the personal information of individuals.

Procedural Memory

This is the memory for special skills that people know how to do. Such as driving a car, Swiming in a pool etc.

Fight -or-Flight Response

Fight and Flight response is a kind of a biochemical reaction. It is basically happens when we are in a terrifying situation.During this Fight-or -Flight reseponse some hormonal reaction also occurs.

Symptoms

• Hormone such as Adrenalin is released in this situation
• Increasing the Herat beat
• Shunting Blood Flow
• Slow process of Digestion
• Changing the autonomic Nervous system

Fight-or-Flight response is also called the Hyperarousal. The causes of Fight-or-Flight response is extreme level of stress or anxiety.so it can be said that if a person has the fear of a particular situation, fight-or-flight response may occur in that particular situation. According to some psychologists, Fight-or-Flight syndrome is a stress response.