Question

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_____40. All of the following are considered in classifying viruses except its

                 A. nucleic acid composition                                 B. capsid architecture

                 C. ability to grow in embryonated eggs                D. replication strategy

_____41. Which one of the following does not occur in the lysogenic life cycle of bacteriophage

                 provided the virus remains temperate?

                 A. phage insertion             B. penetration             C. cell lysis              D. attachment  

_____42. Which one of the following viruses is an RNA virus?

               A. herpes simplex                  B. rabies                 C. smallpox               D. papilloma

_____43. All the following are associated with retroviruses except

                 A. reverse transcriptase                                       B. provirus          

                 C. double stranded DNA genome                       D. oncogenic   

   

_____44. All the following represent specific mechanisms of body defense except

                 A. complement               B. memory T cells              C. IgM                D. ADCC  

_____45. Innate immunity is associated with

                 A. specific response       B. memory response      C. slow response      D. fibrin

_____46. Which one of the following is a function of adaptive immunity?

                 A. antigen presenting cells                                  B. fever

                 C. inflammation                                                   D. natural killer cells

_____47. In birds the precursors of B cells arise from stem cells located in the _____________

                  and migrate to the _____________ where they are educated to become B cells.

                  A. red bone marrow; bursa of Fabricius                 B. red bone marrow; thymus      

                  C. liver; lymph nodes                                             D. liver; spleen

_____48. The monomer of all antibody molecules has

                 A. two constant chains and two variable chains

                 B. two heavy chains with constant regions that act as antigen binding sites

                 C. four chains with constant regions that act as antigen binding sites

                 D. two binding sites

_____49. The antibody that is usually the second to respond to an antigen is

                  A. IgG                           B. IgA                         C. IgE                          D. IgM

Answer 1

ANSWER 40)  C. ability to grow in embryonated eggs  

EXPLANATION

Viruses are mainly classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause.

ANSWER 41)

C. cell lysis

EXPLANATION

phage usually follows one of two life cycles, lytic (virulent) or lysogenic (temperate). Lytic phages take over the machinery of the cell to make phage components. They then destroy, or lyse, the cell, releasing new phage particles. Lysogenic phages incorporate their nucleic acid into the chromosome of the host cell and replicate with it as a unit without destroying the cell. Under certain conditions lysogenic phages can be induced to follow a lytic cycle.

ANSWER 42

B. rabies

EXPLANATION

Rabies virus is a rod- or bullet-shaped, single-stranded, negative-sense, unsegmented, enveloped RNA virus. The virus genome encodes five proteins.

ANSWER 43

C. double stranded DNA genome

EXPLANATION

Retrovirus, any of a group of viruses that belong to the family Retroviridae and that characteristically carry their genetic blueprint in the form of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Retroviruses are named for an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, which was discovered independently in 1971 by American virologists Howard Temin and David Baltimore. Reverse transcriptase transcribes RNA into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),The action of reverse transcriptase makes it possible for genetic material from a retrovirus to become permanently incorporated into the DNA genome of an infected cell.

ANSWER 44

A. complement

EXPLANATION

The main function of complement proteins is to aid in the destruction of pathogens by piercing their outer membranes (cell lysis) or by making them more attractive to phagocytic cells such as macrophages (a process known as opsonization).

ANSWER 45

D fibrin

EXPLANATION

FUNCTION IN TRAPPING BACTERIA

ANSWER 46

A antigen presenting cells

EXPLANATION

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are a heterogeneous group of immune cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens for recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells. Classical APCs include dendritic cells, macrophages, Langerhans cells and B cells.

ANSWER 47

A. red bone marrow; bursa of Fabricius  

EXPLANATION

Avian B cell development is dependent on a specialized organ, the bursa of Fabricius. The embryonic bursa is colonized by limited numbers of B cell precursors that subsequently develop within the bursa and emigrate to generate a population of peripheral B cells with a highly diverse repertoire of specificities.

ANSWER 48

D. two binding sites

EXPLANATION

Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule.variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen. The variable region includes the ends of the light and heavy chains.The constant region determines the mechanism used to destroy antigen. Antibodies are divided into five major classes, IgM, IgG, Iga, IgD, and IgE, based on their constant region structure and immune function.

ANSWER 49

A. IgG

EXPLANATION

In secondary immune response Mainly IgG antibody is produced. Although sometimes small amount of IgM are produced. Other immunoglobulins such as IgA and in the case of allergy IgE are produced.