Question

Ch 2-

1. what are atoms and matter elements of life
2. energy levels and electron shells, chemical reactions
3. types of bonds and interactions between atoms or molecules
4. elements and molecules exist, what is polarity
5. functions and all properties of water, acids and bases, what is pH and equation of pH to determine acidity or alkalinity

ch 3

1. carbon and its electron shells
2. what are organic compounds, hydrocarbons and carbon skeletons
3. types of isomers, how are enantiomers different structurally and functionally
4. what are functional groups and their functions
5. types and source of energy; hydrolysis of ATP and major components of ATP
6. types of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleotides and their specific functions

Answer 1

Ch2

i.

Atoms- Atoms are the basic unit of level, and organized into a larger structures called molecules.

Matter - Made up of substance called elements,composed of a tiny particles called atoms.

ii. Energy levels and electron shell , chemical reactions

The orbit presents around the nucleus, in which the electron rotate called electron shell or energy levels.

The energy level increase as the distance from the nucleus increases.

The electron which rotate in the lowest orbit has lowest energy level

And in the outermost orbit ,electrons have higher energy levels.

There are four shells present in the nucleus S,P,D,F etc.

iii.Types of bonds and interaction between atoms or molecules:

1.Ionic Bond

Involves in the transfer of elecctron.opposite charges attracts, then the atoms bond together to form a molecule.

2.Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons between two atoms.

3.Polar Bond

It is a covaent bond between two atoms,here the electrons forming the bonds are unequally distributed.

4.Hydrogen Bond

Two adjacent water molecules H2O can form a linkage known as hydrogen bond

iv.Elements and molecules exist,what is polarity?

Atoms are exist in the form of molecules and ions.

Molecules are formed by the combination of two or more elements

Polarity:

It is the relation between two opposite attributes or tendencies.ex.magnetic poles or electric charge.

V. Functions and all properties of water,acids,bases.What is pHand equation of pH to determine acidity or alkalinity.

Functions and properties of water:

It is an inorganic,transparent,odorless,tasteless and chemically colorless substance.

chemical formula H2O,molecules contain oxygen and two hydrogen atoms.

It regulates body temperature

Important for all chemical reactions in our cells

It removes waste from the body

It helps for digestion

Acids,bases:

An acidic solution has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions H+, which is greater than that of pure water.pH <7

An basic solution has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions H+, which is less than that of pure water.pH >7

pH

Power of hydrogen ion concentration.

It ranks the solutions in the terms of acidity or basicity.

If the pH is above 7 then it is basic

If the pH is below 7 then it is acidic

Equation of pH to determine acidity or alkalinity:

pH = - log[H+]

Ch3

i.Carbon and its electron shells

Carbon is a key element for most life on earth.

Carbon- 12 (6 protons,6neutrons and 6 electrons)

Atomic number-6

There are 6 electrons, 2 in one shell and 4 in other shell.so there are two shells in a carbon atom

ii. What are organic compounds hydrocarbons ad carbon skeletons:

Organic compounds

It is the largest class of chemical compounds,in that two or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements mostly hydrogen,oxygen and nitrogen

Hydrocarbon:

It is an organic compound consist mostly of hydrogen and carbon.

carbon skeleton:

It is the chain of carbon atoms that forms the backbone of any organic molecule.

iii.Types of isomers,enantiomers different structurally and functionally

ions or molecules have same molecular formula but different structural properties

Enantiomers:

It is a pair of chemical compounds whose molecular structures have a superimposable mirror-image relationship to each other

iv.Functional groups and their functions:

It is a collection of atoms that attach to the carbon skeleton of an organic molecule and possess specific properties.

V.Types of energy

Solar energy

wind energy

geothermal energy

hydogen energy

Tidal energy

wave energy

Hydroelectric energy

Biomass energy

Nuclear power

Fossil fuel(coal,oil,and natural gas)

Hydrolysis of ATP

It is the catabolic reaction process

The chemical energy stored in the form of high energy bond phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP is relaesed by splitting these bonds.

Its product is ADP and an inorganic phosphate, orthophosphate(pi)

Components of ATP:

Ribose, Adenine ,phosphate

Vi. Carbohydrate types

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Trisaccharides

Polysaccharides

Protein types:

Complete protein

Incomplete protein

Lipid types

Triacylglycerol

Steroids

Phospholipids

Nucleotide types:

Adenine

Guanine

Thiamine

Cytosine

Uracil