Question

Consider the effect of trade liberalization on agricultural markets. Using your weekly readings and additional research, discuss the challenges experienced by the Saudi Arabian agriculture industry. What financial support does the KSA government provide for its agricultural sectors? How could the KSA improve its agricultural sectors policies? What types of results would you expect for these improvements? Any foreseen consequences?

note:5-6 paraghraphs

Answer 1

Within the Center East, particularly Saudi Arabia, nourishment security will be a matter of concern for arrangement producers. In leave nations the nourishment commodities are for the most part imported from other nations as their neighborhood generation isn't sufficient to meet the household needs and Saudi Arabia has no exemption. Most of the cereals and ruddy meat are imported. Major restricting components in farming generation are arrive and water, such that by 2050, Saudi Arabia is anticipated to purport all of its residential needs. In the interim, there are numerous arrive and water saving advances which have the potential to assist deliver sufficient to meet the household vitality necessities. Advancement of conventional crops, hydroponics and nursery cultivating, seawater collecting, contributing in bio-salinity inquire about and water collecting are among those advances .Hence, part of expansion specialist is basic to advance the inventive advances as well as making mindfulness among cultivating community to actualize the rules to meet the nation dietary needs

Introduction

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) covers roughly an region of 2,149,690 square kilometers (World Bank, 2015), domestic of 30.77 million individuals (Service of Economy and Arranging, 2014). It covers the overwhelming (80%) range of the Middle eastern locale (Al-Hamzi, 1997), which makes it the biggest nation of the Inlet locale. It has shared borders with Qatar, Joined together Middle easterner Emirates and Bahrain in east; with Iraq, Kuwait and Jordan within the north; with sultanate of Oman and Yemen in south; and has 1750 km Ruddy Ocean shoreline in west (FAO, 2009). The natural conditions are not favorable for cultivating due to unforgiving and extraordinary temperature. Numerous agrarian programs were begun at distinctive times to guarantee nourishment security and provincial advancement (Bailey and Willoughby, 2013).

Presentation of later agrarian mastery, rancher responsive plans, doable credit conspire, free arrive dissemination and successful expansion programs made strides the abdicate of cereals, natural products, vegetables and creature related items. These successful programs not as it were empowered the Kingdom to fulfill the household needs, but made it competent to trade the overflow (FAO, 2007, FAO, 2009). By giving due thought to existing water assets the Kingdom chosen rollback approach since generation through out of line utilize of nonrenewable normal assets was not a doable hone (Al-Subaiee et al., 2005). Consequently, the affect of the rural segment on Net Household Generation (GDP) diminished over the period from 5.2% to 4.7%, and its commitment to the non-oil economy from 7.6% to 6.2%, whereas the volume of generation remained steady, due to the change in efficiency, the rate of which found the middle value of 5% per annum over the period.

Farming is the base on which the financial quality of a nation depends. On the off chance that the rural hones are not sufficient to ended up self-sufficient in nourishment generation, the quality of the nation will be at hazard. Subsequently, self-sufficiency in nourishment generation might as it were be picked up by tending to the agrarian issues and keeping the agriculturists mindful of present day agrarian innovations, essential for progressing efficiency, by the successful utilize of expansion administrations. Rural expansion is considered as a benefit to spread/extend data based on inquire about, to the provincial individuals to create their living standard (IFPRI, 2010). Thus, it incorporates components such as innovation exchange, more extensive rustic improvement goals and non-formal instruction (Birner et al., 2009, CTA, 2012). In this article, an exertion has been made to distinguish issues and plan a arrangement to help approach producers and agriculturists through the channel of farming expansion.

The Common objective of the show ponder was to look at the show circumstance of nourishment security in respect to agrarian generation and utilization. Particular destinations are to distinguish and analyze (1) the advanced asset effective agrarian innovations, (2) their conceivable commitment in accomplishing nourishment security with accessible assets, and (3) the potential commitment of agrarian expansion and instruction for feasible cultivating within the Kingdom.

2. Saudi Arabia’s show and future should boost household generation without utilizing forsake agriculture

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s display and future must grow residential generation without utilizing leave agribusiness are restricted by arrive and water shortage. The accessible water assets of any country are key components in agricultural production. Saudi Arabia drop within the category of nations which can confront intense water deficiency by 2050,The kingdom has 3850 cubic meters per year accessible groundwater, while, the surface water is 1300 cubic meters per year, which is variable and depends on yearly precipitation. The kingdom’s assessed add up to renewable water assets are approximately 500 km3,​ 340 km3 of which is financially attainable to extricate. The kingdom devours 24 billion cubic meter water per year, and agribusiness is the driving division with 88% utilization, civil segment 9% utilization (Al-Hussayen, 2007), and mechanical segment accounts 3% utilization of add up to water utilization. On an normal, the civil segment devours approximately 260 liters water per capita per day (World Bank, 2010). The major water request of approximately 65% for metropolitan and mechanical division is utilized to be provided with groundwater whereas the 35% extra is met by desalination water treatment plants.The accessible information of 1999–2004 appear an expanding drift in rustic to urban movement coupled with 3% populace development which had expanded 4.3% metropolitan water utilization (Service of Economy and Arranging, 2005). The accessible water assets appears that Saudi Arabia will not be able to meet the residential nourishment requests making it a nourishment bringing in nation. To inundate civil parks and road scene the treated wastewater is inexhaustibly utilized. On nation premise study amid 2010, roughly 240 million cubic meters per year wastewater after treatment was utilized for scene and edit water system (MWE, 2012).The crevice between supply and request is almost 11.5 billion cubic meters per year, which was overcome by overexploitation of groundwater.

3. Water and arrive sparing technologies

Water and arrive sparing innovations (ordinary and non-conventional) are innovations which are utilized to deliver the same surrender, without mounting weight on nonrenewable assets. These inventive advances have potential to boost rural generation from the same edit arrive beneath development, which is 1.8% of add up to zone of the Kingdom. These water and arrive sparing innovations incorporate the taking after.

3.1. Advancing routine crops

Promotion of routine crops (wheat, grain, sorghum and millet, etc.) which are best suited to the parched climate conditions makes a difference to realize nourishment security (FAO, 2008). Dates are one of the most excellent preparations of Saudi Arabia; subsequently, it is require of hour to investigate more roads of research (Mbaga, 2013). Table 2 portrays the accessibility of diverse nourishment items within the Kingdom. As specified, cereal generation in Saudi Arabia escalated at maximum position ever recorded, 1,570,944 tons from an range of 286,932 hectares. So, there's a have to be center on rural inquire about and expansion exercises to decrease the moment burden.

3.2. Hydroponics and nursery farming

Hydroponics and nursery innovations require supplement wealthy water for plant development rather than soil (Bridgewood, 2003). Hydroponics offer assistance to deliver tall quality vegetables and natural products in controlled natural conditions around the year. This innovation is ecologically secure, tall creating and decreases the weight on arrive and water. The average vegetable abdicate within the field is around 5 tons per section of land, but the hydroponic method within the nursery makes the surrender increment up to 200 tons for each section of land planted. Vegetable generation beneath green house innovation in Saudi Arabia for the a long time 2010–13, appeared a critical increment in zone beneath generation as well as in add up to generation, over time, particularly for tomato and cucumber crops (Table 3). It has been detailed that hydroponic green grain generation method requires as it were almost 2–10% of the water required to create the same sum of trim in soil culture (Brandlay and Marulanda, 2000).In addition, as it were 3–5% of water is required to deliver the same sum of feed in comparison with that delivered beneath field conditions (Ghazi and Al-Karaki, 2011). Hydroponic framework, hence, may be a potential procedure for nourishment generation with less water utilization where water is the most constraining calculate for farming production.These advances have too been executed in other parts of Middle easterner locale e.g. Al Sulaiteen Agrarian and Mechanical Complex, Qatar: a advanced nursery cultivate within the center of a endless leave. This cultivate produces cucumber, tomato, green beans, cherry, vegetables and numerous natural products. Joined together Middle easterner Emirates had moreover made an speculation in hydroponics that are playing a key part in their neighborhood markets. So also, Abu Dhabi has taken the activity by setting up Emirates Hydroponic Cultivate in 2005, which had begun to create for household needs and territorial requests. The created nourishment things such as lettuce, strawberries, cucumber and capsicums that are begun to offer out online are having comparative cost to those of the grocery stores. Natural mushrooms were developed by Emirates Mushroom a private company having generation of 8000 kg per week from ten extraordinarily outlined rooms.In Baniyas, biggest aquaponic center of world propelled by Abu Dhabi, the extend was begun by developing lettuces and extended for vegetable generation.

3.3. Speculation in biosalinity

research Nearly 97.5% of worldwide water is salty (Taha and Ismail, 2011), recommending that venture in biosalinity investigate could be a valuable apparatus within the field of investigate. The plants confront soil saltiness as a major boundary for spreading into their characteristic environment. Bone-dry and semi-arid districts are progressively confronting this issue (Shanon, 1986). The earth’s 40% zone came beneath dry and semi-arid locales (Fisher and Turner, 1978). Biosalinity is the hone and ponder in which saline (salty) water is utilized for watering crops. Freshwater assets are exceptionally rare in Saudi Arabia and nation has no surface water bodies of any kind barring the Ruddy Ocean and the Persian Inlet, which cannot be utilized in farming but after going through an costly desalination prepare (Al-Zahrani and Baig, 2011).In Saudi Arabia, the inexhaustible amounts of accessible water are either brackish 500–30,000 ppm or saline 30,000–50,000 ppm (SWCC, 2010). Saline water utilization in conventional cultivating hones comes about in soil saltiness and numerous trim plants ended up incapable to develop.

Biosalinity inquire about grasps considers of physiological and biochemical component in plants for salt resilience, determination and breeding for salt resilience, utilize of saline water system water to extend alluring characteristics or to control the maturing handle in natural products. The objective of biosalinity investigate is to bargain with issues related to the interaction among saltiness and soil properties than presentation or advancement of salt tolerant assortments, which support and stay financially profitable. This sort of investigate is required for Saudi Arabia, which makes a difference to maximize the farming generation by utilizing the accessible saline water. There are a few thinks about conducted on biosalinity in Saudi Arabia (e.g. Qados, 2011) but more more profound and connected investigate is required.

3.4. Seawater greenhouses

The seawater nursery innovation can be utilized in leave locales of the world, which have a colossal amount of seawater. The salt water is utilized to develop nourishment crops through building these nurseries close coastal regions ​(Reuters, 2007). It requires moo fetched as they are not costly like desalinization plantsSeawater is vanished which makes the discuss immersed, condensed for freshwater that's utilized for watering the plants. This innovation has the potential to be utilized in distant flung and dry coastal areas because the method within the seawater nursery makes calm conditions by making utilize of seawater and daylight, which create cooler discuss and water for development of plants (Kabeel and Almagar, 2013). The favorable topographical and climatic conditions, such as get to to cool seawater and moo relative stickiness are as often as possible found at a profundity within the ocean. The KSA coastline along Ruddy Ocean has numerous areas having the same properties (Paton and Davies, 2006). The seawater nurseries get water from ocean and building taken a toll is more or less than $5 for a square foot.

The discuss interior the nursery is humidified through vapors that are created from honeycomb like structure on the front divider, from where water streams down. The discuss gets to be hotter because it moves within the nursery and retains more dampness, and the moment evaporator makes the discuss supersaturated. From there, discuss goes down into the condenser, and the freshwater delivered is put away within the underground tanks that are afterward on utilized for watering plants.

3.5.Rain Water harvesting

The Middle easterner locale of the world is confronting serious deficiency of water. Fundamental components contributing their portion in water shortage are quick populace development, disgraceful conveyance of water assets, increment in request of water, hydro-political condition, falling apart water quality, moo precipitation, tall rate of dissipation and aridity. The emergency of water is quickly developing as per capita water accessibility is diminishing. The nonstop increment in freshwater request within the Middle easterner world is putting weight on rare water resources, particularly groundwater which can not support beneath the winning circumstances. There's a desperate got to oversee the potential of accessible water resources by more viable and productive implies. The locale gets 2238 billion cubic meters per year precipitation, which, contribute as it were 200 billion m3 to resume ground and surface water assets.