Question

Nursing/Microbiology Question

1. Discuss the important considerations when collecting a throat sample.
2. What does the presence of neutrophils, macrophages, or respiratory epithelial cells indicate about a sputum sample?
3. How does mask-wearing and physical distancing contribute to prevention of COVID-19? Citizens in some countries routinely wear masks during flu season. Do you think this practice could or should be instituted in the U.S.?

Answer 1

INTRODUCTION

Specimen means a sample of tissues,blood,urine etc taken for confirmatory   diagnosis,examination,evaluation,estimation of prevalance of infections,eradication of diseases from a targeted   peoples etc.The common specimens are'

-BLOOD

-URINE

-SPUTUM

-SWABS ( throat,nasal,ear,eye,cervical etc)

-STOOL

-PUS

  -CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID

QUESTION-1

Important considerations while taking a throat sample

-The commonest respiratory tract infections are localized in;

-OROPHARYNX

-NASOPHARYNX

-NASAL CAVITY

-The common causes are '

-OTITIS MEDIA

-SINUSITIS

-PHARYNGITIS

-LARYNGITIS

-CONJUNCTIVITIS

-The main respiratory tract tests are;

-THROAT CULTURE

-SPUUM CULTURE

CONSIDERATIONS ARE

-The main considerations are;

-monitoring of specimen ordering

-patient identification

-peatient communication and safety

-patient preparations

-timing of collections

-collection techniques

-specimen labelling

-specimen handling and transport

1-MONITORING OF SPECIMEN ORDERING

-assesss the importnace

-check for physician signature

-specimen collection should be depends on the type of infection

-anatomic sites and locations

-aseptic precautions

-adequate amount or volume

-proper timing

-2-PATIENT IDENTIFICATION

-identify the patient by calling the name

-identify the bed number,inpatient number,

3-PATIENT COMMUNICATION AND SAFETY

-explain the procedure to the patients

-maintain interpersonnal relationships

4-PATIENT PREPARATIONS

-usually ac meal or one hour pc meal

-provide privacy

-positioning

-tilt head backward

-use the correct procedure for obtainig a specimen

-sterile swab

-insert swab into pharyngeal regions

-take swab from reddened areas

5-FOLLOW GUIDLINES

-hand washing and standard precautions

-the use of personnal protective equipments

   -get informed consent fro the patients

-containers must be leak proof ,unbreakable,

-specimen should be collected with biosafety precautions

-an adequate view of throat should be ensured by good lisghting

-use tongue depressor or disposable spatula to pull outwards and so depress the tongue

-the swab shoul be replaced in its tubes with care not to soil the rim

-if cannot transport immediately store in refrigerator

  -avoid causing harm or discomfot to the patient

  -collect from appropriate site

  -obtain specimen at correct time

-use appropriate devices

  -obtain sufficient quality of spevcimen

-label correctly

-follow standard precautions

-record the procedure

QUESTION -2

-the presence of the abone mentioned factors may indicate the presence of the followig things;

-induce hypersecretion

-starts inflammatory responses in airway

-increase the number of macrophages in the bronchial mucosa,bronchial glands,small airways

-there is a presence of airflow obstruction

-there is neutrophilic airway inflammation

-peripheral airway obstruction

-contraction of smmooth muscles

-there is a chance to get CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES

QUESTION-3

-To reduce the transmission by droplets

-to control the endemic transmission of diseases

-mask and physical distancing may help prevent people wh have COVID-19 from spreading the virus to others

-COVID-19 usually spread by respiratory droplets,especially when someone sneeze,cough ad talk,so we can prevent transmission

-should keep 6 feets distance from other persons to reduce spreading

QUESTION-5

- I dont think this practices should be instituted in the UNITED STATES ,The reason behind this as follows;

-airborne diseases we can reduce by taking PROPER VIGILANCE

-we can mainatain personal hygiene

-should get adequate nutritional status and hydration status

-hand washig is the first and most important methods we have to follow throuhout the life

-more vigilant about the aged peoples and childrens

-treat risk factors like HYPERTENSION,DIABETES MELLITUS,RENAL DISEASES,LIVER DISEASES etc

-care of pregnanat women

SUMMARY

The main role of nurses while collecting specimens are '

-explain the procedure

-provide patient comfort ,privacy and safety

-use the correct procedure for obtaining the specimen collection

-note relent informations on the laboratory requisition slip

-transport promptly

-report abnormal results to the health care provider

  

  

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