Question

In a well-organized, 1 – 2 page paper (225 – 450 words), chose one of the pathological conditions from this week's reading and discuss the following areas.

• Identify your pathological condition and explain what it is.
• Discuss some of the causes, signs, and symptoms associated with the chosen condition.
• Discuss ways the condition can be diagnosed and the treatment options.
• What are some lessons learned or what did you take away from completing this research?

Please proofread your work. Points will be deducted for incorrect grammar and spelling. The paper should be written in APA format.

Answer 1

Pathological condition : Diabetes Mellitus

A medical disorder charecterised by persistent or varying degree of Hyperglycemia, especially after eating due to the inability to produce or inability to metabolize the sufficient quantities of the hormone insulin. Hormone insulin is responsible for the metabolism of Carbohydrate and it controls the Blood glucose level.  

There are two major type of Diabetes Mellitus; such as Type 1 and Type 2 , formerly known as Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus ( IDDM ) and Non Insulin Dependant DM ( NIDDM) .

Type 1 DM is a chronic condition in which Pancreas produces little or no insulin. Type 2 DM is a chronic condition in which the Carbohydrate metabolism gets altered due to the insufficient response of cells towards insulin. Insulin hormone helps  the cells and tissues to intake and utilise glucose.  

Causes :

Exact cause is unknown. Beta cells of pancreas become unable to produce a sufficient amount of Insulin .

Risk factors of DM are:

* Family history

* Race : African American , Native Americans, Asian Americans

* obesity

* Hypertension or Hypercholostrolemia

* Women with PCOS ( Poly cystic ovarian syndrome)

* Age : Type 1 is common in children and adolescents ,  type 2 is common in at or above 40 years

* Physical inactivity :Continous physical inactivity may cause Insulin resistance .

Sign and Symptoms:

Classical signs are :

* Increased thirst

* Increased urination

* Increased hunger

Other sign and symptoms are

*Hyperglycemia

*unexplained weight loss

* fatigue

* Irritability

* slow healing of wounds

* ketones in urine

Diagnostic Evaluation

* Collect the detailed medical and family history, symptoms details.

* Physical check up for weight loss and dehydration

1. Blood glucose level:

* FBS ( Fasting blood sugar) : > 100 mg / dL

* Rapid blood sugar : > 200 mg/ dL

2. Oral Glucose tolerance test : > 200 mg / dL , measured within two hours after having a sugary drink, followed with a fasting night.  

3. Urine test for the presence ketones ( a byproduct of fat metabolism.  

Treatment:

* Healthy diet with low Carbohydrate : Cut down all sugary items, include whole grains, lean meat , fish , protein rich food, vegetables .

* Antidiabetic agents: oral Antidiabetic agents may stimulate insulin production or prevent gluconeogenesis from liver.

Example: Metformin, sulfonylureas

* Insulin: Rapid acting insulin or long Acting insulin injected using a fine needle .

* Physical exercise to regulate blood glucose level .

Take Away: Diabetes Mellitus is a condition of increased blood glucose level due to insufficient production or metabolism of hormone insulin. With Proper treatment and lifestyle changes one can control the Blood glucose level and can prevent the complications.   Prevent the occurance of Diabetes Mellitus by healthy eating with more whole grains ,  vegetables, low fat dairy products, vitamin C rich fruits etc and regular physical exercise and relaxation techniques. Avoid smoking and drinking , and schedule regular health check up such as physical ex*mination , blood glucose level monitoring and eye check up.