Question

Please solve the following questions for me thanks.

1. Discuss the negative feedback system of the endocrine system. Describe what actions cause the feedback system to be initiated and shut off. 2. Discuss the "10 commandments" of the endocrine system. How do they influence the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of various endocrine disorders? 3. Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic test, complications and treatment of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic and adrenal endocrine disorders. (Graves' disease, Addison's disease, acromegaly, gigantism, dwarfism, adrenal insufficiency, SIADH, diabetes, thyrotoxicosis, myexedema, diabetes insipitus, Cushing's disease/syndrome, somogyi, dawn phenomenon 4. Review the hormones secreted from the pituitary, adrenal glands, thyroid, parathyroid and pancreas. Describe the metabolic action of each hormone. 5. Differentiate type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Include the cause, onset, clinical manifestations, and treatment. 6. Differentiate HHNK (HHNC) and DKA. 7. Discuss the definition, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, complications and medical treatment of esophageal, gastric, duodenal, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, colon disorders. 8. Define key terms: hematochezia, dysphagia, Achalasia, hematemesis, 9. Discuss the causes and complications of GI (esophageal, stomach, duodenal and colon) bleeding. What happens to the body during GI bleeding? What color is the blood from each? What is Frank bleeding? What is occult blood. 10. Describe the diagnostic test used to diagnose GI disorders. Upper GI series, lower GI series, colonoscopy, gall bladder series. 11. Describe GERD. What are the risk factors associated with this disorder? What are the clinical manifestations and the pathophysiology related to GERD. What diagnostic tests are used to identify the disorder. Differentiate hiatal hernia form GERD. 12. Discuss Peptic Ulcer disease. What are the common risk factors for developing the disorder? What areas of the stomach and small intestines are affected? What is an H. pylori bacterium? How does it influence the presence of ulcerative disease? How does PUD differ from gastritis? How does food affect the pain of gastric and duodenal ulcerations? What are the complications of gastric ulcers. 13. Discuss inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, and crohn's disease. What the causes, signs and symptoms and complications of these disorders. 14. Discuss common disorders of the liver including cirrhosis and portal hypertension, hepatitis, ascites. How can hepatitis contribute to the development of each of these disorders? Differentiate between the different types of hepatitis. What laboratory results are abnormal when a client has a liver disorder? Discuss the causes of jaundice. How does it develop?

Answer 1

1.NEGATIVE FEED BACK SYSTEM OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

In endocrine system, most of the hormones are regulated by feed back mechanisms.A feedback mechanism is a loop in which a product feeds backs to control its own production. Most hormone feedback mechanisms involve negative feedback loops. negative feedback keeps the concentration of a hormone with in a narrow range.Hormone and production and release are primarily controlled by negative feedback. In negative feedback systems, a stimulus causes the release of a substance whose effects then inhibit further release. In ths way, the concentration of hormones in blood is maintained with in a narrow range.

2. 10 COMMANDMENTS OF TTHE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The endocrine system made up of glands that make hormones. Hormone are the chemical mssengers, that carry the information and instructions from one cell to another.

Endocrine glands release hormones in to the blood stream and then it travels in o the other parts of the body.

The endocrine hormone help to control mood,growth and development that is the way  our organs work,metabolism and reproduction.

THe endocrine system regulate how much of each hormone is released.

This can depends upon levels of hormone already in the blood.

Many things affect hormone levels,such asstress, infection,a nd changes in the balance of fluids and minerals in blood.

The major glands that make up the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroids, parathyroids,adrenals, pineal body,the ovaries and the testes.

Grave's disease

It is an autoimmune disease that affects thyroid gland . In persons with grave's disease , the immune system make antibodies taht cuase the thyroid to ake more thyroid hormone than the body needs.Symptoms including bulging eyes, thickening asnd redening of the skin,irritability,heat sensirtivity,goiter etc.

Addison's disease

It is a disorder in which the adrenal gland that do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol and aldosterone. cortisol responds to stress and aldosterone affects the balance of sodium and potassium in the blood.