Question

1 Briefly describe the works of Wilhelm Konrad RoentgentJonas Salk and Albert Sabin

2- briafly describe the names of strides in the prevection of diseases transmission

3- Relate briefly enumerate the name of 4 precursors of the modern medical history

4- Relate the work of regenerative Medicine in Wiston-Salem North Caroline by Dr. Anthony Atala

Answer 1

1)Wilhelm conard Roentgent was a German Physicist that had done alot of reseach work in the field of Physics and Medicine. He discovered the X-Rays that was a great achievement in the field of Medicine.

Jonas Salk was a American Virologist , he developed the first safe and effective sucessful Polio Vaccine named as salk vaccine . He also worked on Influenzavirus and developed the vaccine for it .

Albert Sabin was the developer of the oral live virus polio vaccines . The sabin vaccine of polio replaced the salk 's vaccine of polio . Sabin was able to prove that polio first attacked intestinal tract before reaching the nerve tissue .

2) The names of strides in the prevection of diseases transmission are follows:

• BEHAVIOUR CHANGE- By changing behaviour can reduce or eliminate the risk of exposure to the infectious agent and prevent the spread. Behaviour change includes : use of condoms during intercourse, regular hand washing,healthy diet and use repellants.
• VACCINES: It is the biggest stride that prevent the disease transmission or play important role in eradication of diseases. Routine immunization in childhood is also a important factor in saving countless lives.
• MEDICATION: It is very useful in managing the infectious diseases by the use of antimicrobials that kills or stops them dividing.
• SURVEILLANCE : It refers to monitor the disease and characterise the disease pattern and detect outbreaks.
• ENVIRONMENT: Modifying the environment is the another way to prevent disease transmission by doing vector control , safe water supply, sanitization and hygiene and improving housing and working conditionsand improve food , air quality.

3)   The name of four precursors of the modern medical history that was basically the reasons of Medical Revolution in seventeenth century .

• The infectious disease- The way of living and working changed dramatically and due to this the risk of infectious disease were increased.
• Scientific breakthroughs-Scientists begun tested and trying to prove the principles of hygiene and antisepsis in treatments and prevention of infection. With this mindset medical needed new inventions like ECG etc.
• Political changes- The Democracy led to the change in people mindset as they demanding health as a human right.
• Urban sprawl: At the time od industrial revolution, cities started to expand very rapidly and with this the proportion of health issues became more common .

These are the precursors that was the reason for the development of Modern medical history.  

4)  Dr. Atala is practicing surgeon and a researcher in the area of regenerative medicine. His work focuses on growing new human cells, tissues and organs and these are used in cell transplantation, material science and bioenginerring to build the biological malternatives that could restore and help in maintaining normal function in the diseased or injured part.

This approch of regenerative Medicine could fulfill the demand of organ donar.

The work of regenerative Medicine in Wiston-Salem North Caroline has several components that are :

• injectable cell therapies to promote healing ,
• replacement tissues and organs engineered in labs, and
• the use of bio- compatible material or molecules ,

all these components ensure the proper cure instead just treating the disease.