Question

Each paragraph shall be no less than 5 sentences and no more than 10 sentences.

Part 1

What are the abnormal characteristics of lymph nodes associated with acute infection, chronic inflammation, and cancer?

What are the facial characteristics that occur with Down syndrome?

Part 1a

Discuss three concentric coats of the eyeball.

Distinguish between direct light reflex and consensual light reflex.

Discuss visual changes that occur with older adults.

Part 1a

Describe the functions of the middle ear.

Discuss using an otoscope for an infant vs an adult.

Identify the types of hearing loss.

Answer 1

1. Lymph node associated with head and neck face,

Name the borders of two regions in the neck the anterior triangle and the posterior triangle

The anterior triangles lies in front between the sternomastoid and the midline of the body with base up along the lower boarder of the mandible and its apex down at the superasternal notch.the posterior triangle is behind the sternomastoid muscle,with the trapezius muscle on the other side and with its base along the clavicle below.it canitains the posterior belly of the omohyoid muscle.

Characteristics of lymph nodes associated with acute infection.

* acute infection - acute onset < 14 days duration, nodes are bilateral,enlarged, warm,tender, and firm but freely movable.

Characteristics of lymph nodes chronic inflammation

Eg, tuberculosis nodes are clumped.

Characteristics of lymph nodes associated with cancer

* cancerous nodes are hard > 3 cm , unilateral, nontender, matted,and fixed .

Down syndrome results when abnormal cell division involving chromosome occurs.these cell division abnormalities result in an extra partial or full chromosome.these extra genetic materials is responsible for the characteristics features and developmental problems of down syndrome.

* A flattened face, especially the bridge of the nose.

* Almond shaped eyes that slant up

* A short neck

* small ears

* A tongue that tends yo stick out of the mouth.

* small hands and feet.

* poor muscle tone or loose joints

* shorter in height as children and adults.

2. 3 concentric coats of the eye ball

* sclera- outer layer, clear protective,contains cornea.

* choroid - middle layer, contains pupil and lens.

* Retina- inner layer, contains optic disk and retinal vessels.

Direct light reflex

The reflex is consensual: normally light that is directed in one eyes produce pupil construction in both eyes. The direct response is the change in pupil size in the eye to which the light is directed ( e.g, if the light is shone in the right eye , the right pupil constricts.

Consensual light reflex

The reflex is the consensual normally light that is directed in one eye produces pupil constriction in both eyes..the consensual response is the change in pupil size in the eye opposite to the eye to which the light is directed ( eg, if the light is shone in the right eye, the left pupil also constricts consensually.

Vision changes in occur with older adult

* Cataract : clouding or loss of transparency in the lenses of the eye.

* Corneal edema swelling and clouding of the normally transparent cornea.

* diabetic retinopathy, (cataract , and blindness serous vision complications of diabetes ) dry eyes.

* age realted macular degeneration.

* cataract and temporal arthritis.

3. Function of middle ears

The cavity also playes a very important role in a person ability to hear .inside the middle ear ,three small bones ( ossicles) from a chain and conduct sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear .once in the fluid filled inner ear, sound are converted in to nerve impulses and sent to the brain.

* conduction: conduct sound from the outer ear to the inner ear.

* impedance matching; impedance matching function of the middle ear.

* only about 1/1000 of the acoustic energy in air would be transmitted to the inner ear fluids ( about 30 dB hearing loss)

* transducer: converts acoustic energy to mechanical energy

Converts mechanical energy to hydraulic energy

Protection: creates a barrier that protects the middle and inner areas from foreign objects.

Middle ear muscle vmay provide protection from loud sounds.

Otoscope use an infants

The babies younger than 12 months ,gently pull the outer ear down and back .now slowly insert the pointed end of the viewing piece into the ear canal while looking in to the otoscope.the side of the ear canal can be quite sensitive, so try not yo put pressure on the ear canal.

In adults hold the otoscope like a pen/ pencil and use the little finger area as a fulcrum.this prevents injury should the patient turn suddenly.inspect the external auditory canal.

There are four types of hearing loss

* auditory processing disorders

* conductive

* sensorineural

* mixed

* Auditory processing disorders: hearing problem that affect about 5% of school aged children.

* conductive : happen when sounds cannot get through the outer and middle ear. It may be hard to hear soft sounds.louder sound may be muffled.

Sensorineural : hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or the nerve from the ear to the brain.

Mixed : is a Combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.there may be a problem in the outer or middle ear and in the inner ear or auditory nerve.it can happen after a head injury longterm infection,or because of a disorder that runs in your family.hearing loss can affect one or both ears.