Provide the complete valence bond description for C2H4 with a orbital diagram showing overlap

Expert Solution

Bonding in Ethylene

Ethylene, commonly known as ethene, has a double bond between the carbons and single bonds between each hydrogen and carbon. Each bond is represented by a pair of dots, which represent electrons. Each carbon requires a full octet and each hydrogen requires a pair of electrons. The correct Lewis structure for ethylene is shown below:

In the molecule ethene, both carbon atoms will be sp² hybridized and have one unpaired electron in a non-hybridized p orbital.

These p-orbitals will undergo parallel overlap and form one sigma bond with bean-shaped probability areas above and below the plane of the six atoms. This pair of bean-shaped probability areas constitutes one pi bond and the pair of electrons in this bond can be found in either bean-shaped area.

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory is used to predict the bond angles and spatial positions of the carbon and hydrogen atoms of ethene and to determine the bond order of the carbon atoms (the number of bonds formed between them). Each carbon atom is of the general arrangement AX₃, where A is the central atom surrounded by three other atoms (denoted by X); compounds of this form adopt trigonal planar geometry, forming 120 degree bond angles. In order for the non-hybridized p orbitals to successfully overlap, the CH₂ must be coplanar: therefore, C₂H₄ is a planar molecule and each bond angle is about 120 degrees. The diagram below shows the bond lengths and hydrogen-carbon-carbon bond angles of ethene:

According to valence bond theory, two atoms form a covalent bond through the overlap of individual half-filled valence atomic orbitals, each containing one unpaired electron. In ethene, each hydrogen atom has one unpaired electron and each carbon is sp² hybridized with one electron each sp² orbital. The fourth electron is in the p orbital that will form the pi bond. The bond order for ethene is simply the number of bonds between each atom: the carbon-carbon bond has a bond order of two, and each carbon-hydrogen bond has a bond order of one.

queen_honey_blossom answered 2 years ago

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