Question

Purpose

        The clear understanding of energy transformations (Cellular Respiration) by cells explains how cells can release energy from nutrient molecules like carbohydrates and others. Completing this assignment will assist you in developing clarity of how cells function energetically on the planet. These principles of Cellular Respiration will help clarify the Course Content Learning Outcomes numbered 2 (Understand the basic principles and ideas of chemistry and organic chemistry) and 4 (Able to explain the concept of a cell and describe the functions of its parts) for this course. You will also understand the Campus Wide Outcome of Critical Thinking (See page 3 (Critical Thinking) of the syllabus).

Task

        Armed with a textbook (Chapter 7), the Cellular Respiration Power Point presentation, or other reliable sources answer the following questions about Cellular Respiration. Be creative in how you approach and answer each question. Read the source and then write your answer in your own words so that it becomes your answer. Remember in science there are no “correct” answers but rather explanations of phenomena. This assignment will be due??? (Exact date will be given in class).

Criteria

       The possible points for each question are in parenthesis after the question number. A complete answer to each question will involve being cognizant of the principles of the processes of Cellular Respiration and explaining how the process relate to energy release and how they relate to each other in terms of energy release. Clear answers will have cellular parts labeled clearly with descriptions and definitions that are clear, concise, and will contain enough detail that anyone reading your answer could potentially draw the same conclusions that you have by answering the questions.

1. (8) Describe the steps of the three major events of Glycolysis: Investment, Splitting, and Harvest to include how each of these adds to the efficiency of the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid and producing ATP.
2. (6) Describe the steps of the Transport Step of pyruvic acid between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle Enzymes.
3. (8) Describe the steps of the two major divisions of the Krebs cycle: Destroying and Re-arranging to include in your answer how each of these adds to the efficiency of the breakdown of acetic acid and producing ATP.
4. (8) Describe the Electron Transport Chain, system, or shuttle (ETC) in five steps or less and showing the major players which run this system to produce ATP.
5. (4) Describe Figure 7.11 in the textbook or why is having a complete balanced diet as it applies to your eating habits, attempts to lose or gain weight, or maintaining a healthy life style.

Answer 1

ANS (8)- Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway utilized by our body for the production of energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate )and NADH(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ) by breaking down the 1 glucose molecule into 2 molecules of pyruvate.

• Glycolysis pathway does not require the presence of oxygen molecules that's why it is known as the oxygen-independent pathway.
• Glycolysis pathway is the first stage of cellular respiration, in which it produces the NADH and ATP energy molecules which later entered in citric acid cycle and functions to produce more energy for the body.
• ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell whose function is to power up the body cells.

***Overall glycolysis reaction.

Glucose + 2ATP + 2NADPH + 2P---------------->2 Pyruvate +2NADH + 2ATP

THREE PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS PATHWAY

INVESTMENT PHASE-------->It is the first phase of glycolysis metabolic pathway in which two molecules of ATP is added into 1 glucose molecule in order to form glucose-6-phosphate molecule, where ATP gave its 1 phosphate to the glucose molecule and become ADP, and the phosphate is attached to the 6 position of the glucose molecule.

• The ATP molecule added in a glucose molecule in order to power up the glycolysis pathway for further energy production. that's why the investment of 2 ATP molecules name this phase as an investment phase.
• This phase is also known as the preparatory phase. because the preparation for further energy production occurs in this phase.

SPLITTING PHASE---------->It is the second phase of glycolysis pathway where 6 carbon molecule named as fructose-1-phosphate got split into 3 carbon molecules known as glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate and the reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme known as aldolase.

• The 3 carbon molecules- dihydroxyacetone phosphate and the glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate are interchangeable molecules so the dihydroxyacetone converted or isomerized into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate in the presence of enzyme triose phosphate isomerase.
• This conversion occurs because glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate is on the direct pathway of glycolysis metabolism instead of dihydroxyacetone.

HARVESTING PHASE--------->This is the last phase of the overall glycolysis pathway that includes the production of energy molecules in the form of ATP and NADPH.

• Apart from the ATP and NADPH molecules the production of 2 pyruvate,2 water molecules also occur within this phase.

NET END PRODUCT OF GLYCOLYSIS

• 2 molecules of NADH.
• 2 molecules of ATP. ( In overall glycolysis pathway 4 ATP is generated but 2 ATP is considered net ATP molecule production because 2 molecules of ATP were utilized in the initial phase of glycolysis (investment phase) in order to power up the glycolysis pathway.
• 2 molecules of pyruvate sugar.