Question

Directions: Circle the correct answer.

1. The apex of the heart is the bottom / top of the heart.

2. The endocardium is the innermost / outermost layer of the heart.

3. At rest, the heart pumps 5000 ml / 500 ml of blood per minute.

4. The pericardial sac normally holds 5 to 20 ml / 150 to 250ml of fluid.

5. Heart valves are made up of endocardial / myocardial tissue covered by fibrous tissue.

6. “Leaky”/ “stiff” heart valves cannot open correctly and are called stenotic.

7. Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles are part of the structure of the A-V / semilunar valves.

8. During ventricular contraction, the semilunar valves would be open / shut.

9. The coronary arteries mainly fill during systole / diastole.

10. From the left ventricle, the openings of the coronary arteries (ostia) are located in the ascending aorta just before / just past the aortic valve.

11. At rest, the greatest concentration of K+ is found inside the cell membrane and the overall charge is negative / positive.

12. Polarization / depolarization are when the cell is resting.

13. After the myocardial cell contracts, the sodium pump actively pumps Na+ into / out of the cell.

14. An action potential causes Ca++ to move into the cell and stimulates the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. As the intercellular C++ levels increase, this causes the muscle fibers to contract / relax.

15. Most of the blood from the atria flows actively / passively to the ventricles.

16. Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected per minute / hour by the rhythmic ventricular contraction.

17. The end-diastolic volume (EDV) is the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole and is about 70ml / 140 ml of blood.

18. The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole is approximately 70ml / 140 ml of blood.

19. Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate / end-diastolic volume.

20. Preload increases / decreases with increased end-diastolic volume.

21. If arterial BP is high, or if the aortic valve is stenosed and it takes a lot of pressure to eject the blood from the left ventricle, then afterload is increased / decreased.

22. If the afterload is increased, the amount of blood that the ventricles can eject with each contraction (stroke volume) is less / more than usual.

23. The contractile state of the myocardium refers to the vigor or contraction generated by the myocardium regardless of blood volume and preload. The contractile property of the heart is inotropic / rhythmic state.

24. Sympathetic stimulation increases / decreases myocardial contractility.

25. Metabolic abnormalities, metabolic acidosis, and hypoxemia decrease / increase myocardial contractility.

26. An athlete who is well conditioned will probably have a slow heart rate and a larger/stronger left ventricle. The athlete would have a larger/smaller stroke volume than a normal person.

27. Diastolic blood pressure is the force of blood exerted against the artery walls during edqw23re3the hearts relaxation / contraction.

28. Baroreceptors are stretch-sensitive nerve endings affected by changes in the arterial blood pressure. Increased blood pressure and stimulation of the baroreceptors will cause the body to try to increase / decrease the blood pressure by a relay to the vagus nerve.

29. Parasympathetic nerve endings release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which increases /decreases the firing of the SA node and the heart rate.

30. Sympathetic hormones released from the adrenal medulla, norepinephrine and epinephrine, will increase / decrease myocardial contractility.

31. Myocardial oxygen consumption will be increased /decreased when the heart rate and force of myocardial contraction are increased.

32. An aging heart will have dilatation / shrinking of the cardiac chambers.

33. An aging heart will have thickened / thinned heart valve structures.

Answer 1

The apex of the heart is bottom of heart.

The endocardium is innermost layer of the heart.

At rest the heart pump 5000ml of blod per minute.

The pericardial sac normally holds 150 to 250 ml of fluid

Heart valves are made up of endocardial tissue covered by fibrous tissue.

leaky heart valves cannot open correctly and are called stenotic.

chorde tendineae and papillary muscles are part of the structure of the a-v valves.

During ventricular contraction the semilunar valves would be shut.

The coronary arteries mainly filll during diastole.

from the left ventricle the openings of the coronary arteries are located in the ascending aorta just before the aortic valve.

At rest the greatest concentration of k + is found insiude the cell membrane and vthe overall charge is negative charge.

depolarization means when the cell is resting.

After the myocardial cell contracts the sodium pump na +

An action potential cause ca ++ to move into the cell and stimulate the realese of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, as the intercellular ca ++ level increse this causes the muscle fibres to contract.

Most of the blood from the atria flows passively to the ventricles.

Cardiac output is the volume of blood per minute by the rythemic ventricular contraction.

The end diastolic volume is the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of the diastole and is about 140 ml of blod.

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Pre load decreses witgh incresed end diastolic volume

if arterial BP is high or if the aortic valve is stenosed and it takes a lot of pressure to ejectvthe blood from the left ventricle can eject the blood from the left ventricle then afterload is increased.

if the after load is increased the amount of blood that the ventricle can eject with each contraction is less than usual.

sympathetic stimulation increases myocardial contractility.

an athlet who is well conditioned will probably have a slow heart rate and a larger left ventricle,The athklet would have larger stroke volume.

an aging heart will have shrinking of heart chambers

an aging heart will have thickened heart valves.

myocardial oxygen consumpyion will be increased when the heart rate and forced of myocardiakl contraction are increased.

sypathetic hormones released from the adrenal medulla .norepinephrine and epinephrine will increases