Question

For this concept map, your main topic will be urinary tract infection (UTI). Subtopics should include: • Locate—list common assessment findings or observations associated with UTI • Communicate—list questions you would ask the patient related to UTI • Medicate—list expected treatments for UTI • Educate—list pertinent patient education items related to UTI and/or its prevention • Advocate—list items you would request from the physician or advocate for concerning UTI You are not limited to these subtopics, but these subtopics must all be included. Each subtopic should include at least 3-4 supporting characteristics for that subtopic.

Answer 1

UTI-Urinary tract infections

introduction-It is a bacterial infection cause by entering through urethera and can invade upto kidney resulting in kidney damage.Women have more chances of uti than men because of having small gap between uretheral openning and bladder.

There are certain Risk factors include-

Diabetic patient

Pregnancy (in pregnancy uti are more common due to increased bacterial growth and hormonal changes)

Formation of opening between bladder and vesicle due to defect in structure.

poor personal hygiene

engaging in active sex or menopausal women etc.

Common assessment findings-

burning sensation while peeing and painful micturation.

lower abdomen pain or pain in  pelvic area.

A frequent urge to urinate but very painful and a few drops of urine passes out.

Cloudy urine with smelly discharge.

If infection increased to kidneys then other symptoms include-

Back pain along with lower abdomen pain which is a main symptom of infection reached to kidney

fever due to increased respond of body against bacterial growth,

shivering

blood stained urine or blood clots in urine

nausea and vomiting

*Question asked from patient-

what was your first few symptoms and when did you notice it?

How many times you pee in a day?

does urinating relieve your symptoms?

Is there any blood clots in urine or blood drops in urine?

Any other treatment  for any other illness or you are pregnant?

*Medication-Drug commonly used for uti are antibiotics like

Trimethoprim or sulfamethoxazole

Ceftriaxone

Fluoroquinolones eg.ciprofloxacin or

levofloxacin

IF frequent infections present like infection if occuring more frequently mainly during pregnancy -low dose antibiotics initially for a period of minimum six months.

prescribe antibiotic after intercourse if it is due to sex

Vaginal estrogen therapy if postmenopausal uti.

Severe infection if infection has more intense symptoms-then give IV antibiotic therapy.

*Suggest  for further lifestyle changes and modification in daily routine to prevent and relieve symptoms-

By Drinking plenty of water-drink atleast 3 to 4 litre of water because It dilutes the urine and flush out the bacteria from the system.

Avoid taking dinks which cause bladder irritation because they can irritate bladder and tend to increase frequent or urgent need to urinate.for eg tea,coffe,carbonated drinks containing caffine.

heat pad method - by applying warm heating pad to abdomen to decrease pressure on bladder or decrease discomfort by relaxing muscles due to heat.

try not to use public washrooms and maintaining personal hygiene is also very important to avoid frequent uti episodes.