Question

1. Describe the difference(s) between the following terms/phrases
   1. TRIMs vs. TRIPs
   2. ITO vs. GATT
   3. MAI vs. BITs
   4. NIEO vs. FCN
   5. BITs vs. DTTs
   6. Transfer pricing vs. Tax evasion
   7. CSR vs. CSP vs. CFP

Answer 1

SOLUTION

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING TERMS / PHRASES

a) TRIMs vs TRIPs

The TRIMs are rules that apply to the domestic regulations a country applies to foriegn investors, often a part of industrial policy. Whereas, the TRIPS agreement addresses a wide range of intellectual property subject matter areas ( copyright, trademark, patent and so forth). It also covers competitive markets, enforcement measures, dispute settlement and transitional arrangements.

b) ITO vs GATT

International trade organization ( ITO) was the proposed name for an international institution for the regulation of trade. Until the creation of the world trade organization in 1944, international trade was managed through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ). Whereas, GATT refers to an international multilateral treaty to promote international trade and remove cross-country trade barriers. GATT deals with the rules of international trade between member nations.

c) MAI vs BITS

The Multi-lateral Agreement on investment ( MAI ) was a draft agreement negotiated in secret between the members of the organisation for economic coperation and development. Whereas, BITs ( A biletral investment treaty ) is an agreement establishing the terms and conditions for the private investment by nationals and companies of one state in another state. This type of investment is called foriegn direct investment ( FDI ). BITs are established through trade pacts.

d) NIEO vs FCN

The new international economic order ( NIEO) represents an alternative worldwide of the global political economy to emerge during the 1970s. More specifically, this worldview included a re-consideration of existing relationships, structures and processes that were dominant in the global political economy of that time, and advocated for the universal intergation of classical liberalism in the global economy. Whereas, the FCN treaties are a part of a long line of treaties negotiated on a bi-lateral bases between the United states and other countries, a practice which began over two hundred years ago. FCN treaties are used to regulate private com- merce between American citizens and citizens of foriegn countries.

e) BITs vs DTTs

BITs are agreements between two countries for the reciprocal encouragement, promotion and protection of investment's in each each other's territories by companies based in other countries. Whereas, DTTs aim to avoid double taxation on income earned in any two different countries, and stimulate FDI between countries.

f) Transfer pricing vs Tax evasion

Tranfer pricing refers to the rules and methods for pricing transactions within and between enterprises under common ownership or control. Whereas, Tax evasion refers to the trade between related parties at prices meant to manipulate nmarkets or to decieve tax authorities. It is an illegal activity in which a person or entity deliberately avoids paying a true tax liability.

g) CSR vs CFP vs CSP

CSR measurement approaches include reputation indices, content analyses, questionnare- based surveys and one dimensional measures, Whereas, CFP measurement approaches include accounting- based measures, market based measures and combined measures.CSP benefits include providing both renewable energy and operational flexibility.