Question

Define genetics and nutritional genomics and explain how nutrients influence gene activity and how genes influence the activities of nutrients (nutrigeneticcs)

Answer 1

- Genetics define as the scientific study of heredity Genetics pertains to humans and all other organisms, Or the science of heredity, dealing with resemblances and differences of related organisms resulting from the interaction of their genes and the environment. The genetic properties and phenomena of an organism

Gregor Mendel:the 'father of genetics', it was commonly believed that an organisms traits were passed on to, offspring in a blend of characteristics 'donated' by each parents.

The importance of genetics: it is about to know how and why physical characteristics such as eye colour r passed on from one generation to another, about how diseases and conditions can run in families. The study of pattern in genetic information, such as the pattern used in DNA fingerprinting and profiling

* nutritional genomics:

-Nutritional genomics is " the study of how diet may affect the expression of genetic information in an individual, and how and individual's genetic makeup effects the metabolism and response to nutritions and other bioactive components in food"

- it provides the means to develop molecule biomarkers of early, pivotal changes between health maintenance and disease progression

* Nutrients influence gene activity by:

Nutrigenetics is the science that identifies and characterizes gene variants associated with differential response to nutritions and related this variation to variable disease state is specially CANCER

Gene expression is regulated during transcription and RNA processing, which take in the nucleus during the protein translation, which takes place in the cytoplasm. Further regulations may occur through post- transitional modification of proteins

The Marco nutrients( carbohydrate, lipids and protein) play a fundamental role in mammalian growth and development by serving a source of energy as well as components for the synthesis of structural and regulatory components of cells. Certain micronutrients also affect cell function through changing circulating hormones(eg, glucose regulation of insulin release from pancreatic β-cells). Saton micronutrients like vitamin A and D, have dramatic effects on gene expression through the regulation of intracellular receptors that bind promoters of specific genes.

- Nutrition science investigates how many nutrients can maintain normal and stable body Homeostasis at the level of cell, tissues and organs. Dad needs to understand the mechanism of nutrients- dependent interactions at genetic molecular, protein production and metabolic profile levels.Thus, nutrition research has proceeded from epidemiological and psychological aspects to molecular biology and genetics aspects as well as nutritional genomics

*Gene influence the activity of nutrients by:

According to Scientific research identified genes coding for the way muscles in our body respond to diet and training, skin types and their response to nutrition , the control of hair fall, risks of diabetes,type 1 complications, obesity, addictions,glucose galactose malabsorption,Menkes syndrome,Gaucher disease,Maple syrup urine disease,Hereditary hemochromatosis and a lot more.

- in the central nervous system, genetic variations probably effects perception of taste, degree of satiation and other factors likely to affect food intake. However absorption can also factor. Examples include increase iron absorption in hemochromatosis and gentically determines absence of gastric intrinsic factors. Which leads to defective vitamin B12 absorption and pernicious anemia.