Question

Hi, I need this paper to be fixed for grammar, word replacement, spelling, and correct sentences. My professor really focuses on that, is about answering questons she said its alright to include these questions in the essay with its number.

1. Polio is a communicable disease that is caused by a virus and spread from person to person. Give an example of a communicable disease that is of an issue today and apply the Model of Disease Causation to its disease process

Poliomyelitis often called polio, or infantile paralysis is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.

Incubation period:

The virus can act from few hours to few days

Mode of transmission:

Poliovirus is usually spread from person to person through infected fecal matter entertaining the mouth.

Spread through the food and water containing human feces. Saliva also infects it.

The people infected may spread the infection up to six weeks.

This disease is preventable by with polio vaccine; however, multiple doses are required to be effective.

Some of the communicable diseases are like Lassa fever, hepatitis A, yellow fever, seasonal influenza dengue, measles, Borna disease virus.

The model of disease causation depends on the relationship between an agent, a host, and the environment.    

2. Compare and contrast the ethical issues identified in the development of the polio vaccine. Does the idea of benefiting the greater right balance out the freedom of choice or protection of the individual Discuss a similar Public Health topic relevant today in the United States and compare and contrast the ethical issues surrounding it

Vaccine plays an essential role in the reduction of infectious diseases like smallpox poliomyelitis and measles. But it is always concerned with some ethical issues. The critical moral debates are related to vaccine regulation and development .a

Its use depends on mandates research and testing informed consent access disparities

Freedom of choice is more significant some refuse it based on their family religious beliefs; culture may develop some other problem. The polio vaccine accepted many people.

One of the public health problems regarding a particular vaccine is HPV vaccine (Human Papilloma Virus) for girls between age 12 -16.

As this is given to prevent STD, still there are a controversy and mandates parents and people do not accept it because of some reason like why administered only to one gender (girls), why and how a child could get STD against some religious beliefs. Nowadays many states accept the religious exemption when it comes to the part of vaccination or immunizations on their ideas and freedom.

3. The iron lung was invented as a short-term aid to breathing, not as a long-term device to live. "It was meant to bring people back to health, not keep hopelessly damaged bodies alive." (p. 62, Oshinsky). What are the economic considerations of long-term therapy such as the iron lung? Discuss who pays for the treatment and who gets to decide who gets such treatment. Give an example of similar cost/benefit situation in today's healthcare environment

Iron lung was indeed invented during the epidemic of Polio when people needed short-term respiratory support. The mechanism of iron lung was more of traumatic, but the modern age mechanical ventilator has replaced iron lung, which is efficient, least traumatic, the patient can get support for long duration and the duration of mechanical support solely decided by the caregiver despite lousy prognosis of the patient. With great inventions in medicine render more choices to an individual about healthcare.

Chronic ventilator patients are a significant burden to individual, hospital as well as to insurance companies and overall to the country. There have been various studies conducted to determine if care to terminally ill is a boom or a curse. Economic consideration includes the charges applied for per machine ventilator. The trained personnel to take care of a patient on a ventilator, the medication administered to keep improving the patient status and the physical supports like an air mattress, foot blocks, DVT compressor, cardiac monitors for continuous monitoring, changing the equipment according to protocols for preventing infections, etc.

Insurance agencies aid payment of such long-term therapy but not very willingly. Medicare, Medicaid does give reimbursement according to the level of long-term care which compromise on such patient. Due to this issues, various units are solely created to care for patients with long-term therapy to grant Prospective Payment System (PPS) waiver, but in many states, such facilities are unavailable leading to a significant financial burden on the caregiver and family. Decision making in such units is done based on mental capacity, the role of caregivers and self-advocacy. In case of long-term pediatric therapy, the decision wholly taken by the parents. Mainly such choice is chosen jointly by the caregiver- physician interaction about the patient prognosis and outcome, but the financial burden is definitely to the caregiver in the form of self-aid or insurance.

In various countries, healthcare has reached it's best inventions and many more options to sustain life but whether this option is worth its cost is the real dilemma. Another example of cost/ benefit situation in today's healthcare environment is a treatment for Cancer. The enormous advances in treatment modalities for cancer have developed but the medical prognosis highly uncertain. The cost of chemotherapy, the quality of life after cancer treatment and the uncertainty of its effect on cancer cells or even remission after complete healing is a tremendous upcoming challenge in today's healthcare environment.

4. In spite of its governmental-sounding name, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (later renamed the March of Dimes) was a private organization that obtained all funding through private donations. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of private financing for the development of the polio vaccine. Compare and contrast the development of the polio vaccine with today's development of vaccines that are, for the most part, publicly funded

Advantages of private funding development for polio vaccine:

The private organizations they will donate the money for the welfare of any organization.

The organization will provide storage and transport facilities for the polio vaccine.

The private organization will provide polio vaccine supply for the villages. They are also offering cold chain.

Disadvantages:

If the private organization asks to stop the supplies to any organization, they will stop the amount of material. Sometimes they will do recycling for a vaccine, and they will supply.

Sometimes after the expiry date also they will supply for the people.

It is a life-threatening situation.

Difference between polio vaccine earlier and new vaccines. There is a lot of vhachan in the past years. Supply more storage facilities; transportation facilities are more; cold chain management is present, providing the pentavalent vaccine.

5. The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis was revolutionary in the way it raised money for charity. Even though there are many other potentially threatening diseases, describe how the Foundation was able to be a dominant source for its cause. Does the concept of "philanthropy as consumerism" belong in the field of public health? Why or why not?

Poliomyelitis is a disease, which affects the motor function of the body causing paralysis of limbs (upper limb and lower limb) National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, which was later, renamed as March of Dimes Foundation. President Franklin D. Roosevelt founded the organization in 1938, to combat Polio. He is an adult victim of polio.

{C}{C}It helps to improve the health of mother and babies by preventing congenital disabilities. Premature birth and infant mortality.

A fundraising campaign for this made through the radio. Eddie coined the term "The March of Dimes." This campaign helped to provide money for the development of two effective vaccines

Philanthropy as consumerism in public health is significant. That is because of the money raised by the organization as to be used in the right way, instead of spending it for no reasons. Here the people are more involved in their health for making decisions of their own. Experts believe that consumerism is more prevalent now than before.

Roosevelt himself paralyzed after being stricken by Polio in 1921.

The first task of this foundation was to create a network of local chapters that could raise money and deliver aid for more than 3100 countries. Charity drives started to raise money to care for matters of Polio survivors.

This foundation provided not only helps but also hope for the nation of terrified people. It was a potential disease result in impairment and disability. Worldwide and NFIP become an excellent source of charity to eliminate this disease. After NFIP they gave "Salk" trial, which was a great success.

Financial inclusion: R8 15 lacks per annum can help to access R8 3 impact your contribution 1:20

Access to health care: R8 lack per annum can help 1,000,000 poor access health care impact 1:20

  Right to education: 25 lack can help 2000 children to get free education in private schools 1:80

Answer 1

1. Poliomyelitis often called polio, or infantile paralysis is a highly contagious disease caused by the poliovirus that attacks the nervous system. The incubation period is from few hours to few days. The mode of transmission is through infected fecal matter entertaining the mouth. It is spread through the food and water containing human faeces. Saliva also infects it. The people who are infected may spread the infection up to six weeks. This disease is preventable with polio vaccine; however, multiple doses are required to be effective. The model of disease causation depends on the relationship between an agent, a host, and the environment.    
2. Vaccine plays an essential role in the reduction of infectious diseases like smallpox poliomyelitis and measles. But it is always concerned with some ethical issues. Its use depends on mandates research and testing informed consent access disparities. Freedom of choice is more significant some refuse it based on their family religious beliefs; culture may develop some other problem. The polio vaccine accepted many people. One of the public health problems regarding a particular vaccine is HPV vaccine (Human Papilloma Virus) for girls between age 12 -16. As this is given to prevent STD, still there are a controversy and mandates parents and people do not accept it because of some reason like why administered only to one gender (girls), why and how a child could get STD against some religious beliefs. Nowadays many states accept the religious exemption when it comes to the part of vaccination or immunizations on their ideas and freedom.
3. Iron lung was indeed invented during the epidemic of Polio when people needed short-term respiratory support. The mechanism of iron lung was more of traumatic, but the modern age mechanical ventilator has replaced iron lung, which is efficient, least traumatic, the patient can get support for long duration and the duration of mechanical support solely decided by the caregiver despite lousy prognosis of the patient. With great inventions in medicine render more choices to an individual about healthcare. Chronic ventilator patients are a significant burden to individual, hospital as well as to insurance companies and overall to the country. There have been various studies conducted to determine if care to terminally ill is a boom or a curse. Economic consideration includes the charges applied for per machine ventilator. The trained personnel to take care of a patient on a ventilator, the medication administered to keep improving the patient status and the physical supports like an air mattress, foot blocks, DVT compressor, cardiac monitors for continuous monitoring, changing the equipment according to protocols for preventing infections, etc. Insurance agencies aid payment of such long-term therapy but not very willingly. Medicare, Medicaid does give reimbursement according to the level of long-term care which compromise on such patient. Due to these issues, various units are solely created to care for patients with long-term therapy to grant Prospective Payment System (PPS) waiver, but in many states, such facilities are unavailable leading to a significant financial burden on the caregiver and family. Decision making in such units is done based on mental capacity, the role of caregivers and self-advocacy. In case of long-term paediatric therapy, the decision wholly taken by the parents. Mainly such choice is chosen jointly by the caregiver- physician interaction about the patient prognosis and outcome, but the financial burden is definitely to the caregiver in the form of self-aid or insurance. In various countries, healthcare has reached its best inventions and many more options to sustain life but whether this option is worth its cost is the real dilemma. Another example of cost/ benefit situation in today's healthcare environment is a treatment for Cancer. The enormous advances in treatment modalities for cancer have developed but the medical prognosis highly uncertain. The cost of chemotherapy, the quality of life after cancer treatment and the uncertainty of its effect on cancer cells or even remission after complete healing is a tremendous upcoming challenge in today's healthcare environment.
4. Advantages of private funding development for polio vaccine:

• The private organizations they will donate the money for the welfare of any organization.
• The organization will provide storage and transport facilities for the polio vaccine.
• The private organization will provide polio vaccine supply for the villages. They are also offering cold chain.

Disadvantages:

• If the private organization asks to stop the supplies to any organization, they will stop the amount of material. Sometimes they will do recycling for a vaccine, and they will supply.
• Sometimes after the expiry date also they will supply for the people.
• It is a life-threatening situation.

5. Poliomyelitis is a disease, which affects the motor function of the body causing paralysis of limbs (upper limb and lower limb) National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, which was later, renamed as March of Dimes Foundation. President Franklin D. Roosevelt founded the organization in 1938, to combat Polio. He is an adult victim of polio. It helps to improve the health of mother and babies by preventing congenital disabilities. Premature birth and infant mortality. A fundraising campaign for this made through the radio. Eddie coined the term "The March of Dimes." This campaign helped to provide money for the development of two effective vaccines. Philanthropy as consumerism in public health is significant. That is because of the money raised by the organization as to be used in the right way, instead of spending it for no reasons. Here the people are more involved in their health for making decisions of their own. Experts believe that consumerism is more prevalent now than before.

Roosevelt himself paralyzed after being stricken by Polio in 1921. The first task of this foundation was to create a network of local chapters that could raise money and deliver aid for more than 3100 countries. Charity drives started to raise money to care for matters of Polio survivors. This foundation provided not only helps but also hope for the nation of terrified people. It was a potential disease result in impairment and disability. Worldwide and NFIP become an excellent source of charity to eliminate this disease. After NFIP they gave "Salk" trial, which was a great success. Financial inclusion: R8 15 lakhs per annum can help to access R8 3 impact your contribution 1:20. Access to health care: R8 lakhs per annum can help 1,000,000 poor access health care impact 1:20. Right to education: 25 lakhs can help 2000 children to get free education in private schools 1:80.