Question

1a) Comparing simple and cascade hormone pathways, cascade pathways differ in that it involves: (pick 1)

a. two different hormones, one at least being a non-tropic one

b. two different hormones, one at least being a tropic one

c. two antagonistic hormones

d. the posterior pituitary

1b) Which of the hormone sets have antagonistic effects to each other? (More than 1 correct answer)

a. aldosterone and ADH

b. glucagon and insulin

c. parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

d. parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

1c) Which are considered neurohormones? (More than 1 correct answer)

a. TRH

b. TSH

c. ADH

d. T3

Answer 1

Answer-

According to the given question-

Question 1-

• Cascade hormone pathway- here release of one hormone activate or stimulate the secretion of other and this involve interaction between  hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, as well as the endocrine gland which is a target.
• Non-tropic hormones are those hormones which directly activate or stimulate the target cells and causes their effects. while Tropic hormones are a type of hormones that act on endocrine gland and causes release of  hormones. So for cascade hormone pathway tropic hormone is required.

So the correct answer for question when we Compare between simple and cascade hormone pathways, the cascade pathways involves is (B) two different hormones, one at least being a tropic one

Question 2-

• antagonistic effect are the effect showed by two substances or molecules have opposing actions for a function. e.g. insulin and glucagon responsible for regulating the glucose level in blood insulin decreases the glucose level in blood while glucagon increases it.
• Aldosterone,is a  mineralocorticoid hormone,formed by zona glomerulosa present in adrenal cortex of adrenal gland and regulates sodium concentration in several parts such as salivary glands,kidney, sweat glands as well as in colon also. Antidiuretic hormone or ADH is a peptide hormone produced by hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary and regulates amount of water in blood..  
• Parathyroid hormone or PTH, is secreted from parathyroid glands responsible for regulating the concentration of  serum calcium in bone, kidney,as well as in intestine also.
• Calcitriol or Vitamin D is a type of steroid hormone helps in regulation of calcium and phosphorus level in body, as well as mineralization of bone.​​​​​​​
• Calcitonin in human are produced by thyroid gland having parafollicular cells or C-cells responsible for regulating calcium and phosphate level in blood,and have opposite action of parathyroid hormone.

So correct answer is (B) and (D)

Question 3-

• Neurohormone are those hormone which are produced by neurosecretory cells and released due to action of nerve impulses.​​​​​​​
• thyrotropin-releasing hormone or TRH is a ​​​​​ neurohormone respsible for increasing thyrotropin output from pituitary gland.
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH also called thyrotropin is a ​​​​​​Tropic hormones released from anterior pituitary responsible for stimulating thyroid gland to produce as well as release thyroid hormone. ​​​​​​​
• antidiuretic hormone or ADH also called vasopressin is a Neurohormone and is a peptide hormone produced by hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary and regulates amount of water in blood.
• T3 or thyroxine ​​​​​​​ is a hormone of Thyroid secreted when get response from trophic hormone from  anterior pituitary.

So correct answer is (A) and (C)