Question

correcting and reviewing any mistakes in my reasearch essay about autism     

Abstract

Autism is an important developmental disorder that affect the communication and interaction ability. This affect overall cognitive, social, emotional and physical health of the individual. This study investigates demonstrated the advantages of behavioral management training for parents with young children who suffer with autism and disruptive behavior. Using data collected from 180 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disruptive behavior, these treatment studies represent a part of the leading edge in autism research where the most effective biological and behavior ideas are tested for his or her ability to enhance the lives of individual with autism and their families. Suzannah ladarola and her colleagues compare the impact of parent training (PT) versus psychoeducation (PEP), they go beyond standard early, intensive behavioral interventions for autism and they expand on standard designs for the clinical trials they use evaluate autism therapies. Results shows parents in parent training (PT) reported greater improvement than psychoeducation. Theoretical and practical implication of the results are discussed.

Keyword autism spectrum disorder, autistic disorder, parent training

Teaching Parents Behavioral Strategies for Autism Spectrum

      Children with autism spectrum disorder often have co-occurring behavioral and emotional problems, such as tantrums, aggression, self-injury, hyperactivity, noncompliance, problematic feeding and sleep disturbances, which can add to parental stress and family burden. Regardless of the cause, the current prevalence estimates suggest that there are more than 2 million individuals in the US with autism spectrum disorder. ASD causes lifelong disabilities for affected individuals and significant burdens on their families, schools, and society. Many researches had been done know the factors of causing autism. Recent studies test new applications and delivery methods and reflect the feasibility and efficacy of parent training programs in changing specific problem behaviors. Parent training is a fitting model of an intervention that that incorporates these parameters — and one that capitalizes on the central role parents play in the lives of young children. Parent training programs, which are frequently based on the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis, provides specific techniques for behavioral management in children with ASD.

                                                                               Literature review

       In the study it is believed that there in not interaction or connection between the autism and use of vaccines or child rearing. it was found PT is a well-recognized intervention strategy for disruptive behavior in non-ASD children. Previous studies have shown PT is associated with decreases in disruptive behavior in children with ASD, but whether it affected parental outcomes had been unclear. The research by Dr. Johnson’s group was a multicenter trial to test the efficacy of PT program for disruptive behaviors in young children with ASD, focusing on reporting parent outcomes. It was the largest such randomized controlled trial to date. “We demonstrated that when parents learned additional behavioral parenting skills, their sense of competence improved and their stress related to caring for their child’s difficult behavior went down,” says Dr. Johnson. “For the first time, we also showed that a direct link exists between behaviorally- based PT and parent stress levels in ASD.” Participating parents were predominantly women in their mid-30s, and participating children were mostly boys (79 percent) with a mean age of 4.2. years. Although both interventions resulted in improvements by the end of the study, PT was more effective than PEP in reducing disruptive child behavior and caregiver strain, and in increasing parental competence.

                 Positive effects on child behavior, global caregiver starin, and satisfaction with parental competence were observed during the first half of treatment and reported by parents at week 12. Positive changes efficacy, overall parent competence and externalized caregiver strain were observed after the full 24 weeks of intervention. Multiple outcome measure was assessed in the study, including parental stress (parenting stress index short form), parental competence (PSOC-parenting sense of competence) and parental strain (CGSQ-caregiver strain questionnaire). The effects of PT and PEP on parent outcomes were assessed at weeks 12 and 24 after controlling for baseline scores.

Discussion

In Iadarola,S (2017) research it showed that parent training (PT) is more effective than psychoeducation (PEP) in reducing disruptive behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and in decreasing parental stress and improving competence. Dr Johnson emphasizes that the positive child and parent outcomes demonstrated in the study support the wider application of PT in managing young children with ASD and disruptive behavior “We have shown that PT is an important component of caring for children with ASD,” she says. “Our next goal is to reach more families that live far away from specialized autism clinics and disseminate this intervention to a wider audience by reaching communities that might not have access to PT.” to bolster the wider dissemination of PT, DR Johnson and her collaborators are planning to apply for funding to test whether the PT program maintain its efficiency when administered by community providers. Since PT and PEP each produced improved parental and child outcomes, a tiered or blended intervention employing both strategies might amplify the positive effects, DR Johnson and her colleagues note.

Answer 1

Teaching Parents Behavioural Strategies for Autism Spectrum

Keywords

autism spectrum disorder, autistic disorder, parent training

Abstract

Autism is an important developmental disorder that affects an individual’s ability to communicate and interact. It affects the overall cognitive, social, emotional and physical health of the individual. This study investigates the effectiveness of behavioural management training for parents who have young children suffering with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disruptive behaviours. The study was conducted using data collected from 180 such children. These treatment studies represent a part of the leading edge in autism research. Here the most effective biological and behavioural ideas are tested with the objective of enhancing the quality of life of individual with autism and that of his/her family. Suzannah ladarola and her team compared the impact of parent training (PT) and psych-education (PEP). The study went beyond the standard early, intensive behavioural interventions for autism, and expanded on standard designs for the clinical trials used evaluate autism therapies. Our results show that parents in parent training (PT) group reported greater improvement than the parents of the psych-education group. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

Teaching Parents Behavioural Strategies for Autism Spectrum

Children with autism spectrum disorder have often been observed to have co-occurring behavioural and emotional problems, such as tantrums, aggression, self-injury, hyperactivity, noncompliance, problematic feeding and sleep disturbances. These behavioural and emotional problems can add to parental stress and family burden. The current prevalence estimates suggest that more than 2 million individuals in the US suffer due to autism spectrum disorder. ASD causes lifelong disabilities for affected individuals and is a significant burden on their families, schools, and the society. Many research studies have been conducted to investigate the factors that cause autism. Recent studies test the new applications and delivery methods, and reflect on the feasibility and efficacy of parent training programs in changing specific behavioural problems in the autistic individual. Parent training is a fitting model of intervention that incorporates these parameters and at the same time capitalizes on the central role that parents play in the lives of young children. Parent training programs which are frequently based on the principles of Applied Behavioural Analysis provide specific techniques for the behavioural management of children with ASD.

Literature Review

It is believed that there in no correlation between autism and the use of vaccines and also child rearing. It was found that PT is a well-recognized intervention strategy for disruptive behaviour in non-ASD children. Previous studies have shown PT to be associated with decrease in disruptive behaviour in children with ASD, but whether it affected the parental outcomes has been unclear. The research by Dr Johnson et al. was a multicentric trial to test the efficacy of PT program for disruptive behaviour in young children with ASD, with focus on reporting parent outcomes. It has been the largest, randomized controlled trial till date. “We demonstrated that when parents learned additional behavioural parenting skills, their sense of competence improved and their stress related to caring for their child’s difficult behaviour went down,” says Dr. Johnson. “For the first time, we also showed that a direct link exists between behaviourally- based PT and parent stress levels in ASD.”

The participating parents were predominantly women in their mid-30s, and the participating children were mostly boys (79 per cent) with a mean age of 4.2 years. Although both interventions resulted in improvements by the end of the study, PT was more effective than PEP in reducing disruptive child behaviour and caregiver strain, and also in increasing parental competence. Positive effects on child behaviour, global caregiver strain, and satisfaction with parental competence were observed during the first half of treatment and reported by parents at week 12. Positive changes in efficacy, overall parent competence and externalized caregiver strain were observed after the full 24 weeks of intervention. Multiple outcome measures were assessed in the study, including parental stress (parenting stress index short form), parental competence (PSOC-parenting sense of competence) and parental strain (CGSQ-caregiver strain questionnaire). The effects of PT and PEP on parent outcomes were assessed at 12 and 24 weeks after controlling for baseline scores.

Discussion

In a study by Ladarola S. (2017), it was observed that parent training (PT) is more effective compared to psych-education (PEP) in reducing disruptive behaviour in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and also in decreasing parental stress and improving competence. Dr Johnson emphasizes that, the positive child and parent outcomes, demonstrated in the study support the wider application of PT in managing young children with ASD and disruptive behaviours. She states “We have shown that PT is an important component of caring for children with ASD,” She further adds, “Our next goal is to reach more families that live far away from specialized autism clinics and disseminate this intervention to a wider audience by reaching communities that might not have access to PT.” To bolster the wider dissemination of PT, Dr Johnson and her collaborators have planned to apply for funding to test whether the PT program maintains its efficiency when administered by community providers. Dr Johnson and her colleagues note that since PT and PEP each produced improved parental and child outcomes, a tiered or blended intervention, employing both strategies might amplify the positive effects.