Question

3. (a)

(b) Name the two main forms of the known rhabdovirus disease and effective

strategy in preventing it in humans

(c) Schistosoma mansoni is found in which part of the body?

(d) Name the two main species of the genus

1. (a)

(b) Define immunodeficiency and hypersensitivity

(c) Explain MDR & XDR -TB

(d) Discuss briefly similarities between TB & COVID-19

Explain with examples cocci, bacilli and vibrio

2. (a)

(b) Define viruses and virion

(c) Name three main importance of fungi

(d) Explain briefly nucleocapsid

Name 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of normal flora

Examiner: Prof. K. K. Addo Page 1 of 2

(e) Explain bacteriophages

(f) What are lentiviruses

3. (a)

(b) Name the two main forms of the known rhabdovirus disease and effective

strategy in preventing it in humans

(c) Schistosoma mansoni is found in which part of the body?

(d) Name the two main species of the genus

Answer 1

Question 1

a) Immunodeficiency

It is a state in which immuno system's ability to fight infectious disease is compromised & entirren absent. It enhances the susceptibility to malignancies.

Classification

1. Primary immunodeficiency ( Developmental )

2. Secondary immunodeficiency ( Acquired )

Hypersensitivity

Immunity was originally considered as a protective process. Immune response may be sometime injurious to the host.

Sensitised individuals respond to antigenic stimulus in an exaggerated manner.

The term hypersensitivity refers to the innurioin consequences in the sensitised individuals, following contact with specific antigen.

b ) MDR TB

Defined as resistance to isoniazid & rifampicin, with or without resistance to other first line drugs.

XDR TB

Defined as resistance to atleast isoniazid and rifampicin and to any fluroquinolone and to any of the three second line injectables ( amikacin, capreomycin, kanamycin )

C ) Similarity b/w TB & Covid-19

* Similar in symptoms

Cough

Fever

Breathing difficulty

* Lungs get affected

* Transmission

Close contact

d ) Cocci

Any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria

Ex : Staphylococcus

Bacilli

A rod shaped disease causing bacterium.

Ex : E coli, Pseudomonas

Vibrio

Vibrio is a genus of gram negative bacteria possessing a curved road shape, usually associated with eating undercooked seafood.

Ex : Asciatic cholera, Vibrio harveyi

QUESTION 2

a ) Virus

An infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, too small to be seen by light microscopy.

Virion

The complete infective form of a virus outside the host cell, with a core of RNA & a capsid.

b ) Importance of fungi

* Atmosphere

Release of essential gas into atmosphere

* Soil

Breaking down organic matter & releasing carbon, oxygen, nitrogen & phosphorus into soil

Promotes Plant growth

* Food industry

For making bread, wine & beer etc ( Fermentation )

C ) Nucleocapsid

The genome + the protein coat of the virus.

It is the capsid of the virus with the enclosed nucleic acid

d) Advantages of normal flora

* Synthesis vitamins ( k & B12 )

* Prevent colonisation of pathogens

* Produce substances that inhibits pathogens species

# Disadvantages of normal flora

* Create endogenous disease

* Some are potential pathogens

* Can invade compromised tissue

QUESTION 3

a ) Rhabdovirus

Bullet shaped, enveloped viruses with single stranded RNA genome are classified as Rhabdoviruses.

b )Forms ;

* The family Rhabdoviruses contain viruses that infect ,

Vertibrates ( mammals & humans )

Invertebrates & plants

Prevention in human

Non neural vaccines

Egg vaccines

Tissue culture vaccines

Submit vaccines

C ) Schistosoma mansoni is a waterborne parasite of humans & belongs to the group of blood flukes

It lives in the blood vessels near the human intestine. It cause intestinal schistosomiasis

d ) The main species infecting human are ;

* S japonicum

* S mansoni