Question

what does a high equity cost of capital mean? can it be negative if i'm using CAPM and the beta is negative?

Answer 1

What is 'Cost Of Equity'

The cost of equity is the return a company requires to decide if an investment meets capital return requirements; it is often used as a capital budgeting threshold for required rate of return. A firm's cost of equity represents the compensation the market demands in exchange for owning the asset and bearing the risk of ownership. The traditional formulas for cost of equity (COE) are the dividend capitalization model and the capital asset pricing model.

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1. Market Risk Premium

2. Cost Of Capital

3. Equity Income

4. Equity Fund

BREAKING DOWN 'Cost Of Equity'

The cost of equity refers to two separate concepts depending on the party involved. If you are the investor, the cost of equity is the rate of return required on an investment in equity. If you are the company, the cost of equity is used to determine the required rate of return on a particular project or investment.

Cost of Equity

There are two ways in which a company can raise capital: debt or equity. Debt is cheap, but it must be paid back. Equity does not need to be paid back, but it generally costs more than debt due to the tax advantages of interest payments. Even though the cost of equity is higher than debt, equity generally provides a higher rate of return than debt. Analysts calculate the cost of equity with the dividend growth model and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM).

Cost of Equity Models and Theory

The dividend growth model is used to calculate the cost of equity, but it requires that a company pays dividends. The calculation is based on future dividends. The theory behind the equation is the company's obligation to pay dividends is the cost of paying shareholders and therefore the cost of equity. This is a limited model in its interpretation of costs. The capital asset pricing model, however, can be used on any stock even if the company does not pay dividends. That said, the theory behind CAPM is more complicated. The theory suggests the cost of equity is based on the stock's volatility and level of risk compared to the general market.

CAPM Formula

The CAPM formula is: Cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate of Return + Beta * (Market Rate of Return - Risk-Free Rate of Return).

In this equation, the risk-free rate is the rate of return paid on risk-free investments such as Treasuries. Beta is a measure of risk calculated as a regression on the company's stock price. The higher the volatility, the higher the beta and relative risk compared to the general market. The market rate of return is the average market rate, which has generally been assumed to be 11 to 12% over the past 80 years. In general, a company with a high beta, that is, a company with a high degree of risk, is going to pay more to obtain equity.

What happens when the Beta becomes negative? A stock with a negative Beta will yield a return that is lesser than the Risk-free Rate. The question you really should be asking is ‘Why would anyone buy a stock which yields lesser than the Risk-free Rate?’

Think of what a negative Beta indicates: when the market goes down, the stock goes up. So, negative Beta stocks are like insurance. You accept the cost of earning lower than the Risk-free Rate, but also protect your portfolio against some unexpected economic crisis.

Do negative Beta stocks exist in real life? Yes and no. Yes, because negative Beta stocks do exist. No, because the negativity is often caused by some temporary issue or mismanagement with the company. In the long term, all stock Betas are mostly positive.

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