Question

_____25. Parental investment is the expenditure of time, energy, and risk-taking on the part of parents that increases the chance their offspring will survive to reproduce.  This is slightly different from reproductive success.   Evolutionarily, in species where the young will not survive without both parents feeding and protecting them, parental investment is often done by both parents, even if it reduces the chance that the parents will themselves reproduce again.

           A. false         

B. true

_____26. Pick the choice that is the stronger force in shaping parenting behavior evolutionarily:

A. Whether an individual participates in parenting in certain species plays a direct role in    

    whether their genes are passed into the next generation (reproductive success).

B. By feeding and/or defending the young (parental behavior), it increases the chance that

    one’s young will survive to reproduce.

_____27. The following are male behaviors or traits that typically increase a male’s reproductive success in

        species with only maternal parental care, except which one?

            A. higher position in a male dominance hierarchy (high male-male competition)

            B. evolution of physical structures such as large antlers and canine teeth (for male-male                          

               competition)

            C. evolution of physical structures that are large and bright, shaped by sexual selection

            D. the males of a species showing little sexual dimorphism or physical variation

Answer 1

25.Parental investment increases the chances of survival of the offspring while it reduces the chance that the parents will themselves reproduce again.This often happens because of increased risk of injury when defending offspring against predators, loss of mating opportunities whilst rearing offspring, and an increase in the time interval until the next reproduction.Thus the answer is:

Option B: True.

26.An individual participating in parenting in certain species doesnot play a direct role in whether their genes are passed into the next generation (reproductive success).Thus the choice that is the stronger force in shaping parenting behavior evolutionarily is by feeding and/or defending the young (parental behavior), it increases the chance that one’s young will survive to reproduce.Because in this way the species has more chances of survival.Thus the answer is :

Option B: By feeding and/or defending the young (parental behavior), it increases the chance that one’s young will survive to reproduce.

27.Higher position in a male dominance hierarchy (high male-male competition),evolution of physical structures such as large antlers and canine teeth (for male-male competition), and evolution of physical structures that are large and bright, shaped by sexual selection are male behaviors or traits that typically increase a male’s reproductive success in species with only maternal parental care.The males of a species showing little sexual dimorphism or physical variation can lead to the male getting suppressed by their competitors or counterparts in the species.

Thus,Male behaviors or traits that typically increase a male’s reproductive success in species with only maternal parental care, except :

Option D: the males of a species showing little sexual dimorphism or physical variation.