Question

Research a disorder of the urinary tract system and the treatment modalities, including drug therapy that are most commonly used in regard to the disorder you chose. In 300 words or less, describe the disorder, the impact it has on a person's life, and the treatment modalities including medications for your choice. Be sure to address side effects, actions, and interactions of the drug regimen. Be sure to cite your sources of information to receive full credit on this discussion. plese I need help these homework please send me typing answer becouse I dont understand hand wrtting thanks.

Answer 1

A urinary tract infection (UTI) can be an infection of any part of your urinary systems like kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most of the urinary tract infections involve the lower urinary tract (bladder and the urethra).UTI occurs mainly in women than men. Severe UTI can spread to the kidneys. Urinary tract infections are mainly treated with antibiotics. Prevention and supportive therapy are also helpful in managing the UTI.

Sometimes the Urinary tract infections may be asymptomatic. The common clinical features are burning micturition, frequency and urgency of urination, cloudy urine, hematuria, foul-smelling urine, pelvic pain, and fever with chills. UTI involving the kidneys may cause flank pain, nausea and vomiting.

Urinary tract infection occurs after the multiplication of bacteria in the bladder, entered the urinary tract through the urethra. The bladder infection is often known as cystitis, the infection of the urethra is known as urethritis and are mainly caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli. The special anatomy of the female urinary tract makes them prone to infection.

The common risk factors are :

·         Female anatomy

·         Sexual activity

·         Birth control methods like diaphragms for birth control

·         Menopause

·         Urinary tract abnormalities

·         Obstructions of urinary tract like kidney stones or an enlarged prostate

·         Immuno-suppression

A urinary procedure like catheterization

When treated promptly and properly, lower urinary tract infections rarely lead to complications. But left untreated, a urinary tract infection can have serious consequences.

Complications like recurrent infections, permanent kidney damage, urethral stricture in men, sepsis can occur if the UTI is left untreated.

Prevention of UTI is the most important step to avoid complications. Preventive measures are:

·         Increase fluid intake.

·         Cranberry juice.

·         Wiping techniques- from front to back.

·         Empty the bladder soon after intercourse.

·         Avoidance of irritating feminine products.

·         Use birth control method with caution.

Pharmacological management / Treatment

Commonly prescribed antibiotics to treat bacterial urinary tract infections include levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, methenamine hippurate, trimethoprim, and nalidixic acid.

The antibiotic may destroy the bacteria or slow its growth by its pharmacological action.

The common side effects of antibiotics used to treat urinary tract infection are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, lightheadedness, headache and sleep disorders. Other rare side effect include new signs of infection like a fever and persistent sore throat, eye pain, vision changes, mood changes, easy bruising/bleeding, and pain/numbness/burning/tingling/weakness in any part of the body.

The major drug interactions include Clozapine in schizophrenia patients may interact with ciprofloxacin. Nitrofurantoins are contraindicated in pregnancy. Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin or newer group: Gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin.) must be reserved for complicated cystitis.

References:

1. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189953.php

2. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189953.php

3. http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/urinary-tract-infection.aspx

4. https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-are-antibiotics-for-uti#1

5. https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults/cipro-uti

6. https://www.healthline.com/health/nitrofurantoin-oral-capsule

7. http://www.choosingwisely.org/patient-resources/antibiotics-for-urinary-tract-infections-in-older-people/