Question

1. Know FIVE manifestations of cancer (different than the warning signs)
   1. _______________
   2. _______________
   3. _______________
   4. _______________
   5. _______________
2. Know the following terms:
   1. Angiogenesis
   2. Anaplasia
   3. Veg-f
   4. Apoptosis
   5. Atrophy
   6. Adenoma
   7. Adenocarcinoma
   8. Sarcoma
   9. Lymphoma
   10. Malignant
   11. Benign
   12. Metastasis
   13. Neoplasia
3. Warning signs and symptoms of cancer
   1. EX: Rectal bleeding, weight loss, pain, lump, reoccurring fever, etc
4. Know about the alterations of genes.
   1. Caretaker/Mutator genes
   2. Tumor suppressors in genes
   3. Proto-oncogenes
5. Know metastasis
   1. Know the organs that are usually start as the primary location and those that are secondary (where it spreads)
      1. As an example: Melanoma is a type of skin cancer and if it metastasizes, it commonly spreads to the brain. Make sure you wear your sun-block this summer, but never over 30 spf, which causes skin damage, leaving you more susceptible to skin cancer.

Know how it normally spreads (*Hint Hint* - the lymphatic system and through the blood; many factors contribute to whether tumors spread via blood or lymph V (Wong SY, Hynes RO. Lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination: how does a metastatic tumor cell decide?. Cell Cycle. 2006;5(8):812-817. doi:10.4161/cc.5.8.2646)

6. Know what kind of inflammatory conditions can cause an increased risk for cancer
7. Know NF-kB (a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival).
8. Know the risks associated with obesity and cancer
9. Know H. pylori (Heliobacter Pylor – GI bacteria
10. Know paraneoplastic syndrome – a condition where cancer-fighting antibodies, such as T-cells, mistakenly attack normal cells in the nervous system.
11. Know what specific types of genes each of the following are;
    1. P53
    2. Rb
    3. Ras
    4. ERB
    5. Myc
    6. HER2
       1. I work in a pathology office and we do HER2 testing on almost all of our breast cases. We usually run what’s called a “triple cocktail.” That tests for HER2, ER/PR (Estrogen/Progesterone) and then Ki67. If a patient is a “triple negative,” meaning, they don’t have any of these markers, we then run a BRCA test. BRCA is a gene that has been found to impact a patient’s chances of getting breast cancer. It is usually hereditary and is diagnosed in younger patients. It is also involved with more aggressive types of cancer and is harder to treat.

Oddly enough, if you are being tested for breast cancer, you WANT to be HER2 and ER/PR positive because there are stronger chemo drugs that have been developed to target those specific proteins. Ki67 is a special stain we do on breast slides to see how aggressive or fast the cancer is growing/spreading.

12. Environmental factors that contribute to cancer risks.

13. The staging of Cancer
14. Tumor Markers
    1. Antibodies
    2. Antigens
    3. Enzymes
    4. Genes
    5. Hormones

Answer 1

a) five symptoms of cancer are :

a. Bone and joint pain

b. Fatigue

c. Fever

d. Weight loss and Weakness

e. Bulge or lumps in neck, axilla or elsewhere in body.
a.) angiogenesis : angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels through the process of sprouting and splitting from the pre existing blood vessels.
b.) Anaplasia is a pathological condition affecting body cells which results in dysregulated growth and multiplication of the cells which results in loss of morphological and other properties of cell such as contact inhibition.
c.) VEG F : Vascular endothelial growth factor is the class of platelet derived growth factor that acts as signal proteins for the growth and generation of blood vessels.
d.) Apoptosis : apoptosis is the programmed cell death which takes place through intrinsic signals that come from within the cell or extrinsic signals that cones from other cells.
Apoptosis usually occurs due to cell stress.