It is absolutely true that every year, globally millions of
people are dying from Malaria, especially in Africa, where 80% of
deaths have been reported to occur due to malaria, according to WHO
reports.
The term eradication literally means that disease has been
completely removed worldwide .Malaria is transmitted by
Plasmodium species carried by female Anopheles
mosquito. There are certain challenges which are being faced for
complete elimination of the disease, which are as follows:
- One of the factors is carrier mosquitoes. There are almost 400
reported species of Anopheles mosquitoes, out of which
almost 30 to 40 species are involved in transmitting malaria. Due
to different ecosystems of different mosquito species, one method
of eradication cannot be employed, because of increasing resistance
of mosquitoes to pesticides.
- Even if mosquitoes are controlled in any manner, there is
second factor related to malaria, is the malarial parasite. It has
different forms of life cycles, difference in stages of formation
of sporozoites, which is injected into human body, schizonts(which
bursts RBCs), merozoits (which enters human RBCs) and gametocytes,
which is the sexual form. So a single vaccine cannot target all the
forms of parasite. So the vaccination process becomes difficult.
Ideal vaccine, which needs to be developed yet, needs to target all
the forms of parasite. Similarly, the antimalarial drugs which are
available till date, are not able to target the gametocyte stage of
parasite.
- Also there are some genetic mutations, which make them
resistant towards antimalarial drug is another challenge.
- Similarly, humans also sometimes face resistance towards some
drug and thus are not able to cure malaria, which then becomes
fatal.
- Therefore it is difficult to completely eradicate malaria due
to these challenges.