In: Nursing
Accident and health issues risk matrix for COVID-19.
Step 1
By definition, a pandemic is a disease that has spread from its country of origin, where it is considered an epidemic, to other considers a pandemic a global illness caused by a new virus.such, seasonal flu,which is caused by several influenza viruses having caused outbreaks previously, including those listed in Some time it's considered a pandemic disease.
of the major emerging and re-emerging epidemics and
pandemics in the 20th and 21st centuries to illustrate the
constant threat that these types of diseases pose to the global
population. It should be pointed out that the 1918 Influenza
pandemic also known as the Spanish flu occurred before the
discovery of antibiotics, and many deaths are now attributed to
secondary bacterial infections.5 Improvements in healthcare
and
the development of life-saving procedures and vaccinations have
greatly reduced the number and outcomes of flu
pandemics.Furthermore, epidemiological studies have provided
guidance
on how to limit the expansion of new diseases into pandemics.
Step 2
1 Agents that are not associated with disease in healthy adult
humans. This group
includes a list of animal viral etiologic agents in common use.
These agents
represent no or little risk to an individual and no or little risk
to the community.
Escherichia coli K-12, nonpathogenic “wild-type” bacteria
constituting <1% of human
gut microbiome; derivatives are used for genetic manipulations in
the laboratories.
2 Agents that are associated with human disease which is rarely
serious and for
which preventive or therapeutic interventions are often available.
These agents
represent a moderate risk to an individual but a low risk to the
community.
Escherichia coli O157 causing severe diarrhea and death, antibiotic
treatment is
available; Bordetella pertussis causing whooping cough with
associated death;
antibiotic treatment and vaccination is available.
3 Agents that are associated with serious or lethal human disease
for which
preventive or therapeutic interventions may be available. These
agents
represent a high risk to an individual but a low risk to the
community.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causing tuberculosis; lengthy antibiotic
treatment; no
reliable vaccine is available; SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV causing
severe respiratory
syndrome with high mortality; no vaccination and no effective
treatment is available.
4 Agents that are likely to cause serious or lethal human disease
for which
preventive or therapeutic interventions are not usually available.
These agents
represent a high risk to the individual and a high risk to the
community.
Ebola virus causing hemorrhagic fever associative with high
mortality; while a vaccine
for Ebola is now available (but not worldwide applied), an
effective treatment is not.
The reference to the healthy adult human population indicates that
individuals outside this group can suffer greater adverse
consequences.
A formal risk assessment procedure evaluates multiple aspects of a
given pathogen, and how it interacts with the human and the
environment. Risk assessments are commonly done in research
environments, but they are also critical in public health to assess
the dangers a newly emerging disease might pose to the population.
Risks for emerging diseases should be evaluated similarly to new
chemicals synthesized in drug development.The premise of risk
assessment for biological research uses several well-defined
criteria, including the pathogen, the human,and the context or
environment, which affects policy decision making processes,
including healthcare decisions in the public
health realm.