Question

Pls solve all this question

1.    Review the general A/P related to the heart, cardiac circulation, peripheral circulation, the lungs, ventilation, and perfusion.

2.    Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic test, complications, and medical treatment associated with myocardial infarction, heart failure, shock, peripheral vascular disease (hypertension, PVD, PAD, Varicose veins, aneurysm, valvular heart diseases, Rheumatic heart diseases, endocarditis, pericarditis, pericardial effusion, COPD, common cold, upper respiratory disorders/ inflammations, asthma, emphysema, acute and chronic bronchitis, atelectasis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary emboli ARDS, SARs, lung cancer, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukemia, polycythemia, leukocytosis, DIC

3.    Compare and contrast a "pink puffer and blue bloater of COPD. How does COPD cause right-sided heart failure?

4.    What is the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension? What are the complications of the disorder?

5.    Discuss acute and chronic asthma. What is status asthmaticus?

6.    Discuss the structural changes of the lung in asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis. What are the clinical manifestations of these disorders? What are the complications?

7.    How does the inflammatory response and acid-base imbalances relate to respiratory disorders?

8.    Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications of TB. What diagnostic tests are used to identify TB. What does a positive skin test mean?

9.    Discuss the development of a pneumothorax. Compare and contrast a spontaneous, tension, traumatic pneumothorax, and hemothorax.   Discuss the clinical manifestations. What is the treatment for pneumothorax?

10. Discuss the occurrence of ARDS. How does the disease occur; what are the clinical manifestations, medical treatments?

11. Describe the difference between restrictive, obstructive, and infectious lung disorders.

12. Describe the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of pneumonia and other infective disorders of the lungs.

13. How are cardiovascular and respiratory disorders inter-related? Discuss the relation between ventilation and perfusion. Describe compensation mechanisms in response to poor oxygenation and decreased blood flow in the body.

14. Discuss the development of hypertension. Discuss atherosclerosis/ arteriosclerosis.  What are the complications of poorly treated or untreated hypertension? How does hypertension cause damage to organs?

15. Compare and contrast the various types of shock.  What is the medical treatment for different types of shock? What are the classic signs and symptoms of shock? What are the stages of shock? Why/how do they occur (pathophysiology)?

16. What are the common clinical manifestations that distinguish arterial disorders from venous disorders?

17. Discuss the clinical manifestations of arterial occlusive disease. Why/ how does each occur? What diagnostic studies are used to identify arterial disorders? What is the treatment for arterial disorders?

18. Discuss the clinical manifestations of an MI. Compare and contrast angina, MI, silent MI. What complications can occur with an MI? Identify the dysrhythmias that can occur with an MI.

19. Differentiate the types of angina.

20. What are STEMI, Non-STEMI, and coronary artery syndrome?

21. Discuss the types of aneurysms. How do they occur? What are the clinical manifestations and treatment for aneurysms?

22. Discuss Raynard's disease and Buerger's syndrome of peripheral vascular disease. How does each occur; what are the structural changes that happen in the vessels with each disorder. How can you distinguish one from the other?

23. What are the common risk factors in peripheral vascular disease, shock, COPD, myocardial infarction?

24. Differentiate right and left-sided heart failure. What are the causes, clinical manifestations of each? What signs and symptoms are different for right-sided failure/ left-sided failure? What is cor pulmonale?

25. Discuss the causes, risk factors, complications related to rheumatic heart disease. How are the heart values affected? What valves are most affected?    

26. Discuss laboratory values that assist in diagnosing myocardial infarction. Discuss troponin, CPK levels, and EKG changes in a client with MI. Know the normal levels for each.   When should the blood be drawn to assess the levels? When would you expect to see peak levels in a patient?

27. Define orthopnea, intermittent claudication, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, jugular vein distention, cardiomyopathy, valvular stenosis, valvular regurgitation, venous insufficiency, atelectasis, hemoptysis, hypercapnia, hypoxia, pleural effusion, silicosis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, clubbing. How does each occur?

28. Discuss Virchow's triad. How does it contribute to the development of venous disorders?

29. Discuss the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, complications, and treatment of anemia, polycythemia, leukocytosis, leukemia, thrombocytopenia, and DIC.

30. Know the normal lab values for CBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC, and platelets,

31. Discuss the morphology of anemia. Describe hypochromic, macrocytic, normocytic, normochromic, microcytic anemias.

32. Discuss the general pathophysiology related to anemia. Describe the clinical manifestations of anemia. What are the complications related to anemia? What are the risk factors related to anemia? How does the body compensate for the effects of anemia?

33. Discuss Hemolytic, Pernicious, Iron deficiency, Aplastic, folic acid-megaloblastic, sickle cell anemia. What are the pathophysiology, causative factors, and treatments?

34. Discuss DIC. Describe the periods of hemorrhage and clotting. Identify the risk factors related to the development of DIC. What diagnostic test is used to identify DIC? What is the treatment of DIC?

35. Describe polycythemia vera. How does it occur? What are the clinical manifestations? What are the complications? What conditions may lead to the development of polycythemia?

36. Discuss the causes, clinical manifestations, complications of leukocytosis, and leukopenia.

37. Discuss mononucleosis. What is the causative agent of this disorder? What are the clinical manifestations? How do they relate to the pathophysiology? What are the complications and treatments of this disorder?

38. Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and complications of Hodgkin's, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute and chronic leukemia.

39.   Describe thrombocytopenia. How does it occur? What are the clinical manifestations?

40. Compare and contrast hemophilia and von Willebrand disorder

Answer 1

Answer 1. viscus circulation-
two massive veins inferior venous blood vessel and superior venue cava thus superior comes from facet|upper side|side|face} and inferior comes from below side in right atrium of the heart takes impure blood.
From right atrium of the heart to ventricle blood falls down via angular framing that coordinates by process muscles.
after that it goes through plumonary artery it goes into respiratory organ wherever a method that referred to as circulation at the moment it goes into atrium cordis through pulmonic veins then blood falls down via biscuspid valave (2) process muscles management valave it additionally referred to as mitral framing then blood goes into ventricle and rhythm of heartbeat and dystolic blood pump into arteria that pure blood contains and provide toh whole body .
in peripheral circulation you perceive off from centre Arora have some branches that helps to provide blood peripheral in hands some artery like brachiochepalic artery then humral artery then radial then blood goes in artery this whole proces happen.
Note :- arterial blood vessel hold impure blood
pulmonary vein hold pure ventilated blood
SA node generate impulse
frist pure blood goes in right atrium of the heart
Peripheral circulation
Answer 2. cardiac muscle infarction:
A blockage of blood flow to the center muscle.
A coronary failure may be a medical emergency. A coronary failure typically happens once a blood blocks blood flow to the center. while not blood, tissue loses chemical element and dies.
Causes :- blockage in arterial blood vessel or it additionally referred to as LADA artery of widow artery main cause arthersclorisis
Pathology:- thanks to cause
Smoking , arhteroscerlosis etc
Swelling or blockage in widow artery
leads to blockage in arterial blood vessel
Interrupt in blood provide to ventricle
which results in dead the ventricle
mans heart unable to provide ventilated blood to whole body results in infarction
Symptoms
ain spaces: within the area between shoulder blades, arm, chest, jaw, left arm, or higher abdomen
Pain types: may be sort of a fist within the chest
Pain circumstances: will occur throughout rest
Whole body: giddiness, fatigue, light-headedness, dank skin, cold sweat, or sweating
Gastrointestinal: pyrosis, upset stomach, nausea, or puking
Arm: discomfort or tightness
Neck: discomfort or tightness
Also common: anxiety, chest pressure, feeling of imminent doom, palpitations, shortness of breath, or shoulder discomfort
daignosis:- ECG :- ST wave elevation
Angiography
protien check
CKMB TEST , CPK level
TREATMENT:-
Supportive care
Defibrillation and chemical element medical aid

Medications
Anticoagulant, Antianginal, Narcotic, beta-adrenergic blocker, medicine and ACE inhibitor

Medical procedure
Coronary tubing and Coronary operation

Therapies
Cardiac rehabilitation

Surgery
Coronary artery bypass surgery
Answer19":- varieties of angina
angina means that pain or anxiety and heart disease means that a muscles in chest pectoris cause pain there have varieties of angina
Types of Angina
Stable Angina / heart disease.
Unstable Angina.
Variant (Prinzmetal) Angina.
Microvascular Angina.
Stable angina is that the most typical sort. It happens once the center is functioning tougher than usual. Stable angina includes a regular pattern. Rest and medicines typically facilitate.
Unstable angina is that the most dangerous. It doesn't follow a pattern and may happen while not workout. It doesn't get away with rest or medication. it's a proof that you just might have a coronary failure before long.
Variant angina is rare. It happens after you square measure resting. Medicines will facilitate
Answer thirty three pernicious anaemia thanks to lack B complex twelve
Iron deficiency anemia:-
Too few healthy red blood cells thanks to insufficient iron within the body.
Without enough iron, red blood cells cannot carry enough chemical element to body tissues.
Sickle cell anemia : -
A group of disorders that cause red blood cells to become malformed and break down.
With red blood cell illness, Associate in Nursing inheritable cluster of disorders, red blood cells twine into a edge tool form. The cells die early, going a shortage of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anaemia) and may block blood flow inflicting pain (sickle cell crisis).
Haemolytic anemia;-Hemolytic anemia may be a disorder within which red blood cells square measure destroyed quicker than they'll be created. The destruction of red blood cells is named lysis. Red blood cells carry chemical element to all or any elements of your body. If you have got a below traditional quantity of red blood cells, you have got anemia.
Treatments for anaemia embody blood transfusions, medicines, pheresis , surgery, blood and marrow vegetative cell transplants, and modus vivendi changes. folks that have gentle anaemia might not want treatment, as long because the condition does not worsen

Answer 03:- The blue bloaters is occurs in those people who have chronic bronchitis.

The pink puffer occurs in which patients who have emphysema

Note :- Hasudungan described these both diseases .

Emphysema is result of destroying alveoli , alveoli usually situated in last of respiratory tree where the exchange of oxygen and carbon monoxide takes place, once alevoli destroyed never able to repair they loose their elasticity.

Chronic bronchitis:-(Blue blaoter) is the inflammation of lining of brnonchial tree ,mucus formed in airway and irritate or inflammed this mucus makes harder to breath

Emphyesma Pink puffer :-

Thin appearance

increase O2 retention

minimal  cynosis

Dyspnea

barrel chest

orthopenic

use of accessory muscles to breath

@ Chronic Bronchitis :- Blue bloaters:-

Airway flow problems

colour is dusky to cyontic

Hypoxia

Hypercapina

Respiratory acidosis

High heamogolbin

digital clubiing

Answer :-04

COPD and right side heart failure with pulmonary hypertension :-

In severe condition of COPD low oxygen level leads to increase in blood pressure in the arteries an lungs which leads to plumonary hypertension.

That arise problem in right ventricle blood pressure increased cuase back flow in right ventricle leads load increas on righ side leads to right side heart failure.

.
Answer:-40
Hemophilia
The name for many hereditary genetic sicknesses that impair the body’s ability to regulate hurt. individuals with haemophilia have low or absent levels of natural process proteins like clotting factor (Hemophilia A), clotting factor (Hemophilia B), or coagulation factor (Hemophilia C). haemophilia and B square measure organic phenomenon disorders and have an effect on one in seven,000 boys born within the U.S. different rarer hurt disorders embody deficiencies of coagulation factor, coagulation factor, Factor V, Factor VII, Factor X, and coagulation factor and will occur in each it's caused by deficiency or abnormalities of issue (vWD), a natural process macromolecule that's needed for blood platelet clumping and stabilization of clotting factor. There square measure three main varieties of vWD, starting from sort one, that is sometimes gentle, and type 3, that is a lot of severe.