Question

Describe briefly the normal physiology that occurs in the renal corpuscle (glomerulus + capsule) as it contributes to urine formation and blood filtering. What disorder discussed in chapter 27 involves this area and what are the consequences of this malfunctioning?
Describe briefly the normal physiology that occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct as it contributes to urine formation and blood filtering. What disorder(s) discussed in chapter 27 involves this area and what are the consequences of this malfunctioning? What are the differences between nephrotic and nephritic syndrome?
Define and note the location of the renal pelvis and describe what disorder(s) discussed in chapter 27 relate to this area of kidney and why.
Make a list of the urinary system cancers (renal/bladder), their frequency, morbidity, tx.
What is incontinence and the types of it?  

Answer 1

Physiology of renal corpuscle:

• Renal corpuscles is the initial part of the nephron, where filtration of plasma takes place
• It is composed of 2distinct structures 1. The glomerulus 2.The Bowman's capsule.
• The glomerulus contains the glomerular capillaries as well as mesangial cells.
• The glomerular capillary tuft in each glomerulus arises from afferent arteriole that brings blood to the glomerulus. In turn, towards the end of the glomerular capillaries, these capillaries coalesce to form referent arteriole that takes blood away from the glomerulus.
• The outer layer of the Bowman's capsule is the outer boundary of the renal corpuscles. The inner layer of the Bowman's capsule is composed of cells known as podocytes.
• Podocytes have foot like processes that wrap themselves tightly around endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries.
• Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells and lie between the glomerular capillaries.
• The association of the GC endithelial cells and podocytes leads to the formation of glomerular filtration barriers.
• The space between the outer and inner layer of the Bowman's capsule is known as Bowman's space.
• Plasma filtration in the kidney nephrons leads to the movement of water, ions, small molecule out of the linen of GC and into the lumen of the proximal tubule for further movement along the loop of hence and other distal segments of the nephrons.

Proximal convulated tubule philosophy

• Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convulsed tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular cappilaries. This is driven by sodium transport from the lumen into blood by Na+/K+ ATPase in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells. Sodium reabsorption is primary driven by this p type of atpase.

Difference between nephrotic and nephritic syndrome

The basic difference between these two is : Nephrotic syndrome involves the loss of lot of protein whereas nephritic syndrome involves loss of a lot of blood.

Renal pelvis: is the basin or a funnel like distal proximal part of the ureter in kidney. The location of the renal pelvis is the point of convergence of 2 or 3 major calves. Each renal papilla is surrounded by a branch of renal pelvis called calyx.

Kidney disorders: means the kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way they should. There isa risk of kidney disease If you have diabetes or high blood pressure. Other kidney problems include acute kidney injury, kidney cysts. Kidney stones and kidney infections.

List of urinary bladder cancer:

1. Bladder cancer
2. Kidney cancer
3. Ureter cancer
4. Urethra cancer