Question

In: Physics

A cell of dry air is moved vertically from its original position under adiabatic conditions. Depending...

A cell of dry air is moved vertically from its original position under adiabatic conditions. Depending on the temperature profile of the surrounding atmosphere, this gas cell can keep on moving in the same direction, or it may come back to its original position. Explain why and when the atmosphere is considered to be convectively stable and convectively unstable.

Solutions

Expert Solution

The value of the environmental lapse rate is one of the main factors that determines whether the atmosphere will be stable or unstable. Warming the air above the ground and/or cooling the air next to the ground will make the atmosphere more stable. The ground and the air above it cool during the night.

  • Lapse rate: The rate at which temperature changes in the vertical (slope of the temperature vertical profile)
  • Dry adiabatic lapse rate: the rate at which an unsaturated air parcel will cool if it rises or warm as it sinks (applies to an air parcel with a relative humidity of less than 100%). Dry adiabatic lapse rate = 10°C / km
  • Moist adiabatic lapse rate: the rate at which a saturated air parcel will cool if it rises or warm if it sinks (applies to an air parcel with a relative humidity of 100%). Moist adiabatic lapse rate = 6°C / km (on average in the troposphere)

To determine stability we need to compare the temperature of an air parcel to the temperature of its environment.

  • If an air parcel is warmer than its environment it will rise.
  • If an air parcel is colder than its environment it will sink.

Related Solutions

An adiabatic air compressor with inlet conditions of 100 kPa, 27 C and an exit pressure...
An adiabatic air compressor with inlet conditions of 100 kPa, 27 C and an exit pressure of 500 kPa has an inlet volume flow rate of 5 m3/s and operates in steady flow. Calculate the minimum power required to drive the compressor.
Explain how to calculate thermodynamic properties for a gas under adiabatic conditions Define the Third Law...
Explain how to calculate thermodynamic properties for a gas under adiabatic conditions Define the Third Law of Thermodynamics. Use tabulated values of absolute entropies to calculate the entropy change for a reaction. Recognize that all substances, even elements in their standard state, have absolute entropies that are greater than zero at temperatures above absolute zero. Write the thermodynamic conditions required for a spontaneous change both in terms of entropy and Gibbs energy. Write the mathematical definitions of Gibbs energy and...
Determine the standard cell potential and the cell potential under the stated conditions for the electrochemical...
Determine the standard cell potential and the cell potential under the stated conditions for the electrochemical reactions described here. State whether each is spontaneous or nonspontaneous under each set of conditions at 298.15 K. (a) Hg(l) + S2-(aq, 0.10 M) + 2Ag+(aq, 0.25 M) ⟶ 2Ag(s) + HgS(s) (b) The galvanic cell made from a half-cell consisting of an aluminum electrode in 0.015 M aluminum nitrate solution and a half-cell consisting of a nickel electrode in 0.25 M nickel(II) nitrate...
An adiabatic gas turbine uses air to produce work. Air expands adiabatically from 600 kPa and...
An adiabatic gas turbine uses air to produce work. Air expands adiabatically from 600 kPa and 287 C to 90 kPa and 67 C. Take specific heats at room temperature (300 K). a) Find the isentropic efficiency of the turbine. b) Find the work produced by the turbine for a mass flow rate of 2.5 kg/s. c) If the mass flow rate of air is again 2.5 kg/s, find the entropy generation under steady conditions
air is compressed in an adiabatic and isentropic compressor from 14 psia and 60F to 210...
air is compressed in an adiabatic and isentropic compressor from 14 psia and 60F to 210 psia. Determine the outlet temperature [F] and the work consumed by this compressor per unit mas of air [Btu/lbm]. Assume constant specific heats at T=100F Please explain table look ups, thank you!
Sam has just moved from the relatively rainy city of Seattle, WA to the relatively dry...
Sam has just moved from the relatively rainy city of Seattle, WA to the relatively dry city of Phoenix, AZ. In Seattle, he found that most people preferred indoor activities over outdoor activities and wonders if this is different in Phoenix. If 61% of Seattle residents preferred indoor activities, does Phoenix significantly differ? Sam wants to test this using an alpha of .05 and the following results from his survey of Phoenix residents. Residents Preferring Indoor Activities Residents Preferring Outdoor...
1. The free energy available from a 1.78V Fe(III) – Ag cell under standard conditions is:...
1. The free energy available from a 1.78V Fe(III) – Ag cell under standard conditions is: a. -515 KJ b. +515 KJ c. +172 KJ d. -172 KJ 2. What is the nuclear binding energy for a mole of lithium-7 (Li-7), whose mass is 7.01600? (mass of a proton = 1.00728 AMU; neutron = 1.00866) a. 6.34 x 1017J b. 6.34 x 1014J c. 3.64 x 1012J d. 3.44 x 1015J 3.  Tc-99 is commonly used in nuclear medicine studies. It...
The free energy available from a 1.78V Fe(III) – Ag cell under standard conditions is: -515...
The free energy available from a 1.78V Fe(III) – Ag cell under standard conditions is: -515 K +515 KJ +172 KJ -172 KJ What is the nuclear binding energy for a mole of lithium-7 (Li-7), whose mass is 7.01600? (mass of a proton = 1.00728 AMU; neutron = 1.00866) 6.34 x 10^17J 6.34 x 10^14J 3.64 x 10^12J 3.44 x 10^15J Tc-99 is commonly used in nuclear medicine studies. It has a half-life of 6 hours. How long does it...
Calculate the concentration of 1,3-bisphophoglycerate under standard biochemical conditions if the cell is at equilibrium and...
Calculate the concentration of 1,3-bisphophoglycerate under standard biochemical conditions if the cell is at equilibrium and using the concentrations of [ATP]=4.42mM, ADP=332µM, and [3-phosphoglycerate] =23µM.
An adiabatic dehumidifier is used to extract excess moisture from the air inside your hostel room...
An adiabatic dehumidifier is used to extract excess moisture from the air inside your hostel room with dimension 8 x 6 x 3 m3 . The room was initially at a dry bulb temperature of 30 oC, 70 % relative humidity is to be humidified to 40 % relative humidity. a) Sketch the process in the phsychrometric chart provided b) Estimate the adiabatic saturation temperature of the entrance air and the final temperature (dry bulb) of the air. c) Calculate...
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT