Question

How have some organisms (animals) evolved to defend themselves from predation? Give examples.

Answer 1

Answer=

How have some organisms (animals) evolved to defend themselves from predation are

anti-predator adaptations- are mechanisms developed through evolution that assist prey organisms in their constant struggle against predators.

first line of defense consists of in avoiding detection through mechanisms such as camouflage,masquerade,apostatic selection,living underground or nocturnality.

1]Camouflage or protective coloration- allows the animal to blend in with its environment & to mask its identity.

This helps them to avoid being detected.

for example- some animal appears to be leaves by their visual appearance as well as their behaviour.

2]playing dead- Some animals pretend to dead when faced with danger.

e.g.oppossums & snakes can even emit fluid that produces a foul smell.

3]Trickery-false features that appear to be enormous eyes or appendages can serve to dissuade potential predators.

mimicking an animal that is dangerous to a predator is an another effective means of avoiding being eaten.

4]Distraction-Marine molluscs such as sea hares ,cuttlefish,squid & octopus give themselves a chance to escape by distracting their attackers.

to do this they eject a mixture of chemicals,which may mimic food or otherwise confuge predators.

5]Defensive structures= A spine is a sharp ,needle like structure used to inflict pain on predators.

example- in the Sohal surgeonfish.these fish have a sharp scalpel-like spine on the front of each of their tail fins,able to inflict deep wounds.

6]Alarm cells=Animals that live in groups often give alarm cells that give warning of an attack

example-vervet monkeys give different calls depending on nature of attack.

for an eagle,a disyllabic cough;for a leopard or other cat ,a loud bark,for a phython a" Chutter".