Question

a) Compare glycolitic pathway with;
1) aerobic glycolysis in blood stream trypanosomes.
2) hydrogenosomal pathway in trichomonads.

b) explain hormone receptors and their abnormalities.
c) describe disorders of parathyroid glands.

Answer 1

Dear Student,

Please do specify the question number for which you want to know the answer from next time.

1a) Glycolytic pathway is highly active in Treponema

Blood stream of trypanosomes depend completely on glycolysis for their ATP supply.

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate was considered the sole end-product with the redo balance by a shunt acting to regenerate DHAP from G3P

An important point to note is that glycolysis I'm the parasite Is different from that of the host and so this pathway is choosed by drugs used for treating African sleeping sickness.

2a)Hydrogenosomes are double membraned organelle present in place of mitochondria (This organism lacks mitochondria)

Through Glycolysis, pyruvate is formed in the cytoplasm which are sent to the Hydrogenosomes ,where they are metabolized to acetate and Carbon-di-oxide and ATP are formed by the substrate level phosphorylation.

B)

Hormone receptors are the receptors which bind to the specific hormones

The two kinds of receptors are Transmembrane receptors(e.g.,Insulin) and Nuclear receptors (e.g.,Testosterone) . Any defects in this receptors leads to many abnormalities .For example abnormalities in thyroid hormone receptors results in abnormalities like Hashimotos disease, defects in insulin causes Diabetes, etc

3)Disorders of parathyroid glands

*Hyperparathyroidism :

Kidney stones

Osteoporosis

Hypercalcemia

*Hypoparathyroidism :

Tetany

Hope you are clear..!