Question

Emissions standards

a.restrict use of inputs to production

b.direct producers to use specific processes to limit emissions

c.limit the amount of pollution emitted by each pollution source

d.specify the allowable concentration of pollution in the environment

Technology standards may require

a.particular design or engineering techniques be adopted

b.particular inputs be used in the production process

c.both of the above

d.neither of the above

A zero risk standard

a.would be set at the threshold level

b.would be set at zero for many pollutants

c.would be impossible to achieve for most pollutants

d.all of the above

Because marginal damages tend to vary across regions and over time based on such differences as geography, meteorology, and seasons, which of the following is true about uniform standards?

a.uniform standards tend to be inefficient

b.uniform standards tend to be efficient

c.uniform standards are hard to set

d.uniform standards are preferred

The equimarginal principle says that total costs of abating a certain amount of pollution are

a.maximized when all sources have equal marginal costs of abatement

b.maximized when all sources have equal marginal benefits of abatement

c.minimized when all sources have equal marginal costs of abatement

d.minimized when all sources have equal marginal benefits of abatement

Uniform emissions standards will generally be:

a.efficient as long as transaction costs are low

b.inefficient if marginal abatement costs vary across polluting sources

c.efficient if marginal abatement costs vary across polluting sources

d.the minimum cost means of achieving a given level of pollution control

Answer 1

1. The correct option is c.limit the amount of pollution emitted by each pollution source

Emission standards are legal requirements governing air pollutants released into the atmosphere. Hence, option C.

2. The correct option is C-both of the above.

Technology standards are concerned with both inputs and technology.

3. The correct option is D-all of the above.

Zero risk standards are those standards which mandate that no human addition to pollution can be done. These are thresholded and often considered impractical and impossible.

4. Correct option is C- uniform standards are hard to set

Due to differences between geographies, metroglogies etc, its tough to set uniform standards.

5. The correct option is C-minimized when all sources have equal marginal costs of abatement

The principle is concerned with cost minimization and says that costs will be minimized when the Marginal Costs is equal for all.

6. The correct option is B- inefficient if marginal abatement costs vary across polluting sources

It will be inefficient in case marginal abatement costs vary because total costs will be different in case of uniform limits.