Question

Discuss the following treatment modalities of neoplasms

i.surgery

ii.Chemotherapy

iii. radiotherapy

iv. stem cell transplant

Answer 1

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Neoplasm - It is defined as any abnormal cellular growth , which is uncontrolled , progressive , irreversible clonal benign and malignant cell proliferation that no longer respond to our normal genetic control. It consist of immature and atypical cells.

Various treatment modalities of neoplam therapy includes -

1. Surgery - surgery is preferred in early stage of diagnosis of cancer to prevent metastasis. It is used to removes tumor from body or it reduce tumor size to alleviate pain .

Adverse effect of surgery is pain , pressure and deformity.

It is definitive treatment of cancer that spread beyond the limits of surgical excision. It is also preferred to get relief from symptoms.

Goals of surgery -

1. Prophylactic

2.cytoreductive

3. Palliative.

4. Definitive.

2. Chemotherapy - In this procedure the treatment of cancer is done by the use of DRUGS or cytotoxic chemical agents to destroy cancer cells.

Goal of chemotherapy is to inhibit the growth or kill the cancer cells , it has palliative role , to cure , control the progression of cancer.

In chemotherapy , the use of chemical agents that destroy the DNA which leading to death of cell or inhibition of proliferation of cells. Multiple actions on cell occur to stop progression of abnormal cells through cell cycle, it may be involve combination therapy. It may be act as both selectively or non- selectively.

Adverse effects of chemotherapy are -

1. It can cause injury can kills the normal cells.

2. Nausea, anorexia.

3. Bone marrow depression.

4. Loss of appetite, fatigue.

5. Hair loss, constipation , diarrhea, mouth sores.

6. Skin problems.

7. Infections.

8. Anemia.

3.Radiotherapy - It involves the use of gamma rays, or X- ray to kill cancer cells.

It destroy the dividing cells, stimulate the apoptosis. It destroy the cancer cells with minimum damage to surrounding normal cells. It slows the growth of cancer cells by destroying their DNA .

Types of radiation therapy - brachytherapy and teletherapy.

Side effects of radiation therapy -

1. Dry mouth .

2. Stiffness in jaw.

3. Bone marrow depression.

4. Skin desquamation.

5. Nausea.

6. Hair loss, tooth decay, gum sores.

4. Stem cell transplant - stem cells are pluripotent in nature , has potential to develop into any cell type.

Stem cell transplantation can replace the blood cells of cancer cells.

Specimens used are bone marrow, cord blood, or peripheral blood stem cell, spongy tissues in bone.

Types of stem cell transplant - 1.Autologous

2. Allogenic.

3. Syngenic.

In transplantation , the recipient is referred to host, and donar organ is called graft. It is mainly done in case of leukemia, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, malignant tumor of marrow.

Thankyou.