Question

Hypothesis: Prenatal nutrition and prenatal environmental exposure affect organogenesis of the human embryo and fetus.

Provide support for this hypothesis using citations from the scientific literature (search the pubmed.gov Website) to demonstrate how prenatal nutrition affects organogenesis in the embryo and fetus.

Specifically, discuss how maternal diet, vitamin intake, prenatal supplementation, prenatal exposure to dietary heavy metals promote or other toxins can regulate organogenesis, especially during weeks 4-8 of life.

INCLUDE ALL CITATIONS (IN-TEXT AS WELL).

Answer 1

parental nutrition like micronutrients, minerals and vitamins that are available from diet are very much required for biological activity. level of micronutrients changes broadly all over pregnancy and across populations. different suppliments lowers the chance of malnourished pregnancy and protect the fetus from chronic diseases. fetal life is very crucial period for excellent developement where developing humans and their efficiency is set up for life. for example micronutrient like protein is required for growth and developemnet that's why protein malnutrition can causes intrauterine growth retardation(IUGR)(birth weight, head, length are decreased also reduced immunity). micronutrient like zinc plays important role in metabolism of nutrients, protein and DNA structures, antioxidant reaction,immunity,etc. its deficiency reduces the overall immune systems.

vitamins like vit A is required for the regulation of hematopoesis, growth of fetal, devleopement of cell mediated as well as humoral mediated immunity. most abundant minerals like iron is necessary in required amount for different biological and chemical action. deficiency of iron causes anaemia.

all the above examples suggests the involved interaction between maternal nutrition and infants response to it.

references:

Obanewa, O., & Newell, M. L. (2017). Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and infant immune response to routine childhood vaccinations. Future virology, 12(9), 525-536.