Question

have been posting the same questions and not getting an answers for so please answer all the questions :

PALS Q’s

True or False: A respiratory rate consistently less than 10 or greater than 60 breaths per minute in a child of any age is abnormal and suggests the presence of a potentially serious problem.

  True

  False

True or False: Cardiopulmonary arrest is a common result of respiratory failure and shock.

  True

  False

True or False: Immediate intubation is always necessary for proper airway management.

  True

  False

True or False: Cardiovascular dysfunction very rarely continues during the post-resuscitation phase.

  True

  False

True or False: Distended neck veins on physical examination may indicate ineffective cardiac function.

  True

  False

True or False: Hypotonic fluids are suggested for volume resuscitation.

  True

  False

Simple measures to restore upper airway patency in a child may include any of the following EXCEPT:

  Using the head-tilt-chin-lift maneuver to open the airway

  Performing foreign body airway-obstruction-relief techniques

  Use airway adjuncts (e.g., nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal airways)

  Cricothyrotomy

Signs of increased respiratory effort include all of the following EXCEPT:

  Nasal flaring

  Chest retractions

  Head bobbing or seesaw respirations

  Delayed capillary refill time

A room air SpO2 reading less than _____ in a child indicates hypoxemia.

  97%

  90%

  88%

  94%

Abnormal breath sounds associated with upper airway obstruction include:

  Crackles

  Decreased breath sounds

  Absent breath sounds

  Stridor

The consensus definition of hypoglycemia in children and infants is:

  Less than or equal to 40 mg/dL

  Less than or equal to 50 mg/dL

  Less than or equal to 80 mg/dL

  Less than or equal to 60 mg/dL

The mainstay of therapy for anaphylactic shock is:

  Dopamine

  Norepinephrine

  Dobutamine

  Epinephrine

If bradycardia (heart rate less than 60 beats per minute) with a pulse is associated with cardiopulmonary compromise despite effective oxygenation and ventilation, what is the next step in management?

  Administer atropine.

  Administer epinephrine.

  Consider cardiac pacing.

  Perform CPR.

What is the initial drug of choice for SVT treatment?

  Amiodarone

  Procainamide

  Atropine

  Adenosine

Any organized electrical activity observed on an ECG or cardiac monitor in a individual with no palpable pulse is referred to as:

  Asystole

  Ventricular fibrillation

  Ventricular tachycardia without pulses

  PEA (pulseless electrical activity)

The purpose of defibrillation is to:

  Recharge the heart

  Provide electrically stimulated contraction of the heart

  Treat symptomatic bradycardia

  Reset the electrical systems of the heart allowing a normal rhythm a chance to return

What is the best vasoactive agent for cold septic shock?

  Dopamine

  Milrinone

  Norepinephrine

  Epinephrine

Initial management of respiratory distress or failure include:

  Opening and supporting the airway

  Assessing oxygenation with a pulse oximeter

  Suctioning and providing supplemental oxygen

  All of the above

Which statement regarding compensated versus hypotensive shock is correct?

  Normal blood pressure always implies that the child is stable.

  A child with shock is always hypotensive.

  Confusion and deteriorating mental status are indications of hypotensive shock.

  Individuals with compensated shock may maintain normal blood pressure.

It is appropriate to administer one oral dose of ___________ for mild croup.

  Albuterol

  Atropine

  Epinephrine

  Dexamethasone

Which statement about sinus tachycardia is NOT correct?

  Sinus tachycardia is a normal, non-dangerous rhythm.

  Sinus tachycardia may occur in response to fever.

  Sinus tachycardia may occur in response to stress.

  Sinus tachycardia often indicates impending arrest.

When should you use the “pediatric bradycardia with a pulse” algorithm?

  Only on bradycardic individuals with signs of shock

  Only on bradycardic individuals with signs of respiratory distress or failure

  On all bradycardic individuals without a pulse

  For individuals with symptomatic bradycardia

Which statement concerning cardioversion for unstable pediatric indviduals is NOT correct?

  Sedate them before cardioversion when possible, but do not delay cardioversion for sedation.

  Cardioversion is indicated for unstable ventricular tachycardia with a pulse.

  Cardioversion is indicated for wide complex tachycardia with poor perfusion.

  Cardioversion should not be done on pediatric indviduals under any circumstances.

Indicators of adequate tissue perfusion include:

  Increased lactate

  Pulse oximetry below 90%

  Capillary refill time more than four seconds

  Urine ouput above one mL/kg per hour

Which conditions do NOT typically produce tachycardia?

  Metabolic stress

  Fever

  Acute blood loss

  Mobitz type I block

Which of the following is a wide complex tachycardia?

  Sinus tachycardia

  Supraventricular tachycardia

  Atrial flutter

  Ventricular tachycardia

Which statement about tachycardia is NOT correct?

  Tachycardia may be a normal, non-dangerous heart rate in response to stress or anxiety.

  A normal heart rate for an infant may be twice as fast as a normal heart rate for an older child.

  A heart rate of 175 bpm is within normal range for a child up to tw

  Sinus tachycardia is commonly a dangerous rhythm that can quickly deteriorate to cardiac arrest.

When should cardiac pacing be administered to an individual with symptomatic bradycardia with a pulse?

  If the individual does not respond to CPR

  If the individual does not respond to CPR and pharmacological support

  None of the above

  If the bradycardia is the result of a complete heart block or an abnormal sinus node function

When should vasopressors be administered during the management of septic shock?

  If the individual develops pulmonary edema

  Always indicated as soon as IV access is obtained

  Vasopressors are never used for septic shock.

  If the individual is severely hypotensive despite proper fluid management

Which statement about shock is NOT correct?

  Secondary conditions such as fever, infection, respiratory distress, and pain also contribute to shock.

  Children in shock can progress to cardiac failure.

  Children in shock may become disorientated.

  Decreased urine output is not a symptom of shock.

Which statement about hydrocortisone is NOT correct?

  A common side effect is hyperglycemia.

  Hydrocortisone is classified as a corticosteroid.

  Hydrocortisone inhibits vascular leak due to proinflammatory mediators.

  Hydrocortisone cannot be used for adrenal insufficiency associated with septic shock.

The purpose of post-resuscitation care of a PALS individual is to:

  Optimize ventilation

  Optimize circulation

  Preserve organ and tissue function

  All of the above

Which statement about post-resuscitation management is correct?

  Post-resuscitation management should not start until organ systems are functioning normally.

  It is important to prevent hypothermia after cerebral insult.

  Analgesics and sedatives should never be used due to potential respiratory problems.

  Acid-base and electrolyte imbalances may need to be corrected.

Which statement is correct concerning neurological assessment during post-resuscitation management?

  Prolonged hypoventilation is suggested for imminent cerebral herniation.

  Seizures should not be treated.

  Hypothermia should be strictly avoided.

  Dilated unresponsive pupils, hypertension, bradycardia, respiratory irregularities, or apnea may indicate cerebral herniation.

All of the following are signs of cardiorespiratory distress EXCEPT:

  Fatigue

  Irregular heart rhythm

  Tachypnea

  Jaundice

When can post-resuscitation management be necessary?

  After cardiac arrest

  After severe shock

  After respiratory failure

  All of the above

Exposure in PALS evaluations refers to an assessment for:

  Trauma

  Burns

  Fractures

  Any of the signs of a problem above

Answer 1

1. True

Patient Age and  Normal Respiratory Rate

Infant (<12 mo) 30–60 breaths/min
Toddler (1–3 yr) 24–40 breaths/min
Preschool (4–5 yr) 22–34 breaths/min
School-age (6–12 yr) 18–30 breaths/min
Adolescence (13–18 yr) 12–16 breaths/min

2. True

Causes of respiratory failure and shock leading to cardiopulmonary arrest in these age groups include trauma, sudden infant death syndrome, respiratory distress, and sepsis. This is in contrast to adults, for whom the most common cause of cardiac arrest is ischemic cardiovascular disease

3. True

4. True

5. True

Jugular vein distention or JVD is when the increased pressure of the superior vena cava causes the jugular vein to bulge, making it most visible on the right side of a person's neck

6. False

Hypotonic fluids should never be used in resuscitation or administered rapidly as a bolus because they are highly ineffective for expanding vascular volume

7. Cricothyrotomy

Positioning including head-tilt-chin-lift maneuver, suctioning of the nose and oropharynx, performing foreign body airway obstruction relief techniques, and the use of airway adjuncts are all ways to restore upper airway patency.

8. Delayed capillary refill time

Nasal flaring is an important sign of increased respiratory effort. Chest retractions are caused by increased respiratory effort and an important sign of impending respiratory distress. Head bobbing or seesaw respirations are a sign of increased respiratory effort in infants.

9. 94%

Hypoxemia is low oxygen in the blood. Values in children above 95% are considered adequate. Oxygen saturation values below 94% are considered hypoxemic.

10. Stridor

Stridor is a high pitched musical noise due to partial obstruction in the upper airway

11.  Less than or equal to 50 mg/dL

12. Epinephrine

13. Perform CPR

14. Adenosine

15. PEA (pulseless electrical activity)

16. Reset the electrical systems of the heart allowing a normal rhythm a chance to return

17. Dopamine

18. Opening and supporting the airway

19. Individuals with compensated shock may maintain normal blood pressure

20. Dexamethasone

21. Sinus tachycardia is a normal, non-dangerous rhythm.

22. Only on bradycardic individuals with signs of shock

23. Sedate them before cardioversion when possible, but do not delay cardioversion for sedation.

NB:- Due to time restriction I am unable to answer rest of the questions, pls ask them seperately